Sociological Issues In Education Education Essay

Throughout history, instructors have dealt with many inquiries that remain unresolved today. These of import questions address the nature of cognition, instruction, schooling, learning and larning. They deal with such issues as personal and group rights to take part in schooling, and how educational chances were frequently limited by gender, race, and socioeconomic category prejudices.Different Ways of LearningFor many old ages, the particular demands of kids with disablements have been neglected in the society and have been excluded from schools. Today, Federal Torahs and tribunals of jurisprudence have required that their particular demands be considered to guarantee an equal instruction ( Sadker, Sadker & A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . Most outstanding is the Persons with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) which requires that kids with disablements instruction plans be every bit near as possible to the mainstream plans therefore inclusion. Whereas inclusion has been noted to hold a posi tive impact on the schoolroom environment, it is disputing for the instructor and therefore more support for the instructor is necessary. Inclusion poses assorted challenges to the instructor in the schoolroom. First, bulk of instructors are non trained to manage the demands of particular pupils and are normally ill-prepared ensuing to defeat. A survey carried out by Daane and Berne-Smith ( 2000 ) study that instructors feel â€Å" aˆÂ ¦ill equipped, fright and frustratedaˆÂ ¦ † in inclusion. Second, as reported by Daane and Berne-Smith ( 2000 ) specializer points of equipment and the general school design does non ever let handicapped entree. Some handicapped pupils will necessitate particular installations which the ordinary schools do non usually supply or particular installations that mainstream schools did non integrate in their design. Such tools as wheel chair entree, Braille, and other particular equipments may non be available for the pupils. Finally, instructors do non normally get the necessary support from the school decision makers, the parents, and the society in general ( Daane & A ; Ber ne-Smith, 2000 ) . Whereas inclusion has received both support and unfavorable judgment, one thing remains clear, that it has posed a particular challenge for the instructor in the schoolroom. The deficiency of equal preparation and necessary resources leaves the instructor ill-prepared to get by with the demands of the particular kids. It is of import that necessary support is accorded to the instructor in footings of equal resources and developing to enable run into the particular kid in order for inclusion to accomplish its full aims. First, offering this support would make an enabling environment to enable the instructor to leave knowledge more efficaciously. Second this benefit extends to the pupils including the disabled as they will derive more cognition. Finally, this would ensue to motivated instructors and better improved teacher keeping, nest eggs in enlisting and preparation and improved quality in instruction.Student DiversenessThe American society is progressively acquiring diversified in footings of race, colour, civilization, ethnicity, linguistic communication, and sex ( Sadker, Sadker & A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . The lifting diverseness is expected to go on in the hereafter. In the schoolroom, and in order to run into the demands of the progressively diversified population, an effectual attack demands to be adopted. Thus to be antiphonal to the society needs, America needs to advance cultural diverseness by presenting culturally antiphonal instruction. The issue of Cultural diverseness is relevant in the society and needs to be addressed. This is because first, there is a lifting cultural diverseness in the American population. It is estimated that by 2030, 50 % of pupils in schools will be of colour Sadker, Sadker & A ; Zittleman, 2008. Second, there is need to turn to the turning inequality between assorted groups. White persons and Asians score higher on norm than Latino and African American pupils. In add-on, 50 % of these under resourced groups bead out of school ( Sadker, Sadker & A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . This consequences to a rise in societal offenses and a general impairment in the society. Finally, there is likely to be a relentless addition in cultural diverseness in footings of races and ethnicity. One manner of accomplishing the benefits of cultural diverseness as suggested by Unruh and McCord ( 2001 ) is through act uponing instructors ‘ attitudes is of import in order to heighten the lifting diverseness in American schools. Whereas bing instructors ‘ instruction plans insist on multicultural sensitiveness and instruction methodological analysiss, single temperaments and attitudes towards diverseness may impact the effectivity of the instruction system. To accomplish effectivity and outlooks of the lifting diverseness tendencies, it is of import non merely to concentrate on fixed plans but to besides concentrate on act uponing single instructor ‘s attitudes. An environment that accommodates cultural variegation would ensue to a more contributing environment for larning. First, to the single pupil, it would ensue to a sense of worth and therefore opportunities for better accomplishment. In the general school environment, it would ensue to a culturally rich an d congratulating environment. Finally, a culturally diversified school environment would be reflected in the society making a status of regard and general society good being. To run into the demands to the progressively diversified population, it is of import that proper stairss are taken to advance cultural diverseness in the instruction scene.Financing and Regulating American SchoolsRegulating and funding of American schools has been an issue of involvement. Local and province authoritiess have faced challenges on government and raising equal fundss for instruction. In the enterprise to supply equal and low-cost instruction, regulating of schools has been a cardinal issue. Despite being an built-in portion in a school, instructors have for long been relegated to the schoolrooms with minimum part in regulating their schools ( Sadker, Sadker & A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . This essay argues that for effectual government of schools, instructors need to be more involved in determination dev ising. This is an of import issue in the society for several grounds. First, as reported by Morehead ( 2003 ) the major jobs that instructors face in the school environment are â€Å" low wage, cardinal way and excessively much bureaucratism † therefore sabotaging their active engagement ( 86 ) . Excessively much bureaucratism and cardinal way undermines instructors ‘ sense of value, affects morale and increases turnover. Second, it consequences to less occupation satisfaction and a sense of low worth which consequences to high turnovers in the school and in the profession in general. Finally, less teacher engagement in the school direction consequences to low creativeness and untapped resources for development. In the quest to supply equal and low-cost instruction, proper government is of import. Soon, instructors have small part to the regulating in their schools despite their active engagement in the instruction environment. As reported by Morehead ( 2003 ) , an environment that allows instructors engagement in direction of schools result to professionally fulfilled and dedicated staff that has positive part to instruction. Teachers need to be actively involved in order to heighten positive instruction results. It is of import that policies are designed with parts from every stakeholder and in the instruction scene, it remains that for more effectual government and positive results, instructors should be more involved in determination devising.Exceptional, Gifted and Talented LearnersWhereas the society may by and large see the talented pupils to be the lucky 1s, a closer expression may uncover that they might really be disadvantaged. Despite their eternal wonder, creativeness and energy, when put into the regular schoolrooms, these kids may endure from negative equal force per unit area, ennui and may really drop out of school ( Sadker, Sadker & A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . To enable these pupils to accomplish their potencies in life and to tap their exceeding cognition, it is of import that particular plans are put in topographic point in order to heighten their acquisition. This issue is of import for the assorted grounds. First, failure to make an enhanced environment for these pupils might blow their possible. Gilson ( 2009 ) argues that scholars in general demand to be invariably challenged failure to which they non merely go bored but they besides â€Å" lose their willingness to dispute themselves to make better things † ( 36 ) . Most scholars need proper support in order to run into their ends and talented pupils are no exclusion. They would see ennui and negative force per unit area when placed in regular categories and this may be a formula for dropping out alternatively of stand outing. This would particularly be singular if they come from minority groups. The terminal consequence is that the exceptionally bright pupil experience disregard and apathy and less opportunities of success in school. Second, impairment of these pupils when put in regular categories represents is a failure by the society to tap their possible and therefore a lo ss to the society at big. Research indicates that talented pupils under such subjects as Science, engineering, Engineering, and mathematics have high opportunities of traveling from abilities to competences and finally to expertise ( Olszwski-Kubilius, 2010 ) . By supplying particular plans for the talented pupils would ensue to several benefits. First, it would offer them an enabling environment that would enable them make their single potencies. Second, it would let effectual tapping of their accomplishments for the possible benefits to the whole society. When the particular qualities of talented pupils are indentified and decently developed through appropriate plans, they can do of import parts to the society. Finally, leting particular plans would show a opportunity for development of ; model graphics, medical discoveries, and singular innovations which may otherwise be lost if they were non allowed to work their full potencies.Is gender a acquisition manner?By and large, the society divides people into genders delegating assorted functions and outlooks to specific gender. This has led to suggestions that females may prefer to larn one manner while males may prefer a different 1. Some believe that this should name for edifice of instruc tion establishments for the different gender ( Sadker, Sadker & A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . While some consider this stereotypic, some have advanced that this is a generalisation that can be harnessed to supply improved results in instruction. This essay argues that Gender is a learning manner and should be utilized for positive acquisition results. This issue is of import for assorted grounds. First, its apprehension and use would ease betterments in impacting cognition more efficaciously for the two genders. Second, males and females exhibit different cognitive acquisition manners and therefore might necessitate different attacks in order to larn efficaciously. Males are more intuitive scholars while females were more sensing scholars ( Alumran, 2008 ) . In a related survey Miller et Al. ( as quoted in Alurman, 2008 ) established that males are more â€Å" kinaesthetic, haptic, ocular, and were more nomadic whereas females where more conforming, more ego, parent or instructor motivated than males † ( 305 ) . Intuitive scholars, who were preponderantly male are more inventive and advanced and have a better consumption at abstraction embarking into possibilities and relationships. Conversely feeling scholars, who are preponderantly females are good at memorizing, better consumption of facts, apply good known processs to w ork out jobs, stress on item, and prefer everyday and predictable facets. Females and males exhibit different penchants for societal and conceptual acquisition manners. Females show more â€Å" concern for others † , prefer custodies on experience and practical facets with more orientation towards affectional and making. Conversely, males exhibited â€Å" concern for ego † prefer abstractive and brooding acquisition, learned better when believing and watching and opted for abstract and consecutive manners ( Keri as quoted in Alarman, 2008 ) . Research indicates that males and females prefer different acquisition manners, that – gender is a learning manner. Whereas protagonism may non be made for sole gender acquisition establishments, it is of import that instructors in the schoolroom are cognizant of the different acquisition manners that specific gender prefers. Assorted benefits would be achieved by an apprehension of this issue. First, it would let inventing appropriate plans for the genders which would heighten larning for the single pupil. Further, it would move to better the quality of instruction by and large. It would farther let the chase of effectual and economical attacks to larning between genders. One of the major facets of successful universities is the ability to progress acquisition by understanding the manner pupils learn.Student Life in School and At HomeThe American society has seen a gradual passage in past old ages. Previously there was communal engagement to conveying up of kids and adult fem ales were left at place to rise up the kids. Today ‘s economic force per unit areas requires instances where both parents are working, ensuing to less child care. School life greatly influences the kid growing and societal activities and instructors are hence more involved in conveying up the kids ( Sadker, Sadker & A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . Changing household lives are negatively impacting school life and instructors have a major function to play in bettering the state of affairs. The state of affairs consequences to assorted negative impacts. First, there has been a dramatic alteration in the societal and economic factors in the household unit and these have extended to impact school life. In the past communities communally took the duty of raising kids but this has changed due to altering work forms, less child care installations and economic factors ( Sadker, Sadker & A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . In the old times, the societal cloth was strong and communities approached issues communally. Today in the face of lifting economic force per unit areas, poorness, altering work forms where a significant proportion of kids are raised by individual parents or both parents go to work supervising of the kid is declining. This has in great portion contributed to challenges of bead outs, drug and intoxicant maltreatment, self-destruction, gestation and weight concerns. To cut down the impacts of altering household lives to instruction ; instructors need to make favourable schoolroom environments. It is merely through making a favourable environment where prejudice and hatred are replaced with trust, dignity, positive relationship and informed gender that the state of affairs can be improved ( Abbot, 2006 ) . Students will execute drearily in environments where negative effects are prevailing. These effects are damaging as they affect the psychological facets of the pupil and will more frequently than non ensue to drop outs or low public presentations. In the schoolroom scene, developing course of studies need to acknowledge altering household life. The course of study needs to stress community engagement, wellness issues. By pupil engagement in societal services, cut down tracking and concentrating affectional developments of pupils, instructors can cut down the negative impacts.Do Teachers Like Teaching?Teaching is one of the callings that employ the largest figure of people. Despite this, there have been suggestions that instructors may non be really happy in their calling particularly due to the comparatively low wage as compared to other professions and the bureaucratic system. This might be supported by the high turn-over in this calling. Some instructors have nevertheless reported that they really do love their calling chiefly due to its intrinsic wagess. This essay argues that despite the high turnovers in instruction, most instructors like to learn. Understanding whether instructors like instruction has several deductions. First, it would let an understating of instructor ‘s behaviours and perceptual experiences this supplying an account for their behavior. Second, an apprehension would supply a model in inventing ways of act uponing their behaviour and behavior. It would for illustration explain why there are high turnover in the profession. Most instructors are satisfied with what they do and the instruction environment. A NEA study reported that 80 % of the instructors were comfy with their occupation, the occupation security and the related liberty ( Sadker, Sadker & A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . Most instructors express their satisfaction with instruction. Teachers like their occupation despite studies of low wage because they are motivated by other factors apart from wage. A survey by Chan ( 2005 ) reported that the most influential factors impacting motivations and committedness to learning were â€Å" selfless motivations, occupation conditions and influence from others † ( 14 ) . Teachers province that they take up learning places chiefly because they liked working with kids and striplings ; they wanted to be of aid to others, they perceived the work to be meaningful and ambitious and it was in correspondence to their personality. Factors extrinsic factors as stuff wagess do non act upon the pick of a learning c alling every bit much as these other factors. It is of import that the intrinsic factors that induce motive and committedness in instructors are enhanced with extrinsic factors. Most instructors love their calling particularly due to its intrinsic wagess which include satisfaction, the challenge, occupation security and the liberty in the category room. The comparatively low wage, bureaucratisms in the system and other unfavourable conditions might explicate the high turnover in the calling. This understating that instructors like their calling suggests that focal point should be on supplying better work conditions, better wage, occupation stableness which would greatly heighten instructors ‘ committedness and motive ensuing to better instruction outcomes. This will in add-on promote positive acquisition results for the pupils and heighten the degree of instruction in the society in general.DecisionEducation signifiers an of import facet of human life by fiting the person with necessary capableness to run into future challenges and better life. The school environment has assorted interactions which despite the purpose to accomplish efficiency make non ever do this. Among other issues, it of import that instructors are good equipped to cover with inclusion of handicapped pupils in the schoolroom, to understand how changing life styles are impacting the pupil environment, and to advance cultural diverseness in the schools. In add-on, it is of import to ; affect the instructor more in school government, to see the demands to talented pupils, to use gender efficaciously as a acquisition manner, and to better on conditions that negatively impact teacher ‘s perceptual experiences of learning. Such attempts may travel a long manner in bettering the efficiency and effectivity of the acquisition and the instruction environment.

Girl Power Essay

Sensitivity analysis helps to test the sensitivity of the optimum solution with respect to changes of the coefficients in the objective function, coefficients in the constraints inequalities, or the constant terms in the constraints. For Example in the case study discussed: The actual selling prices (or market values) of the two products may vary from time to time. Over what ranges can these prices change without affecting the optimality of the present solution? Will the present solution remain the optimum solution if the amount of raw materials, production time, or storage space is suddenly changed because of shortages, machine failures, or other events? The amount of each type of resources needed to produce one unit of each type of product can be either increased or decreased slightly. Will such changes affect the optimal solution ? The Input or Arrival Process †¢The input process is usually called the arrival process. †¢Arrivals are called customers. †¢We assume that no more than one arrival can occur at a given instant. †¢If more than one arrival can occur at a given instant, we say that bulk arrivals are allowed. †¢Models in which arrivals are drawn from a small population are called finite source models. †¢If a customer arrives but fails to enter the system, we say that the customer has balked The Output or Service Process †¢To describe the output process of a queuing system, we usually specify a probability distribution – the service time distribution – which governs a customer’s service time. †¢We study two arrangements of servers: servers in parallel and servers in series. †¢Servers are in parallel if all servers provide the same type of service and a customer needs only pass through one server to complete service. †¢Servers are in series if a customer must pass through several servers before completing service. Queue Discipline †¢The queue discipline describes the method used to determine the order in  which customers are served. †¢The most common queue discipline is the FCFS discipline (first come, first served), in which customers are served in the order of their arrival. †¢Under the LCFS discipline (last come, first served), the most recent arrivals are the first to enter service. †¢If the next customer to enter service is randomly chosen from those customers waiting for service it is referred to as the SIRO discipline (service in random order). †¢Finally we consider priority queuing disciplines. †¢A priority discipline classifies each arrival into one of several categories. †¢Each category is then given a priority level, and within each priority level, customers enter service on a FCFS basis.

Lamb to the Slaughter †Study of Mary Maloney Essay

I am going to explain within this essay how I think Mary Maloney’s character changes in the story Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl. When the story opens Mary is a content, loving and devoted wife and is six months pregnant and happy to be so. â€Å"Now and again she would g lance up at the clock, but without anxiety, merely to please herself with the thought that each minute gone by made it nearer the time when he would come.† The statement â€Å"without anxiety† demonstrates her contentment. The statement â€Å"please herself† to â€Å"when he would come† demonstrates the love and devotion she has as she is eagerly awaiting the return of her husband from work. It states â€Å"The drop of the head as she bent over her sewing was curiously tranquil. Her skin – for this was her six month with child – had acquired a wonderful translucent quality†. The use of the word â€Å"tranquil† and â€Å"wonderful† portray she was thriving on her pregnancy and had no anxieties. It later states â€Å"For her, this was always a blissful time of day†. The use of â€Å"blissful† shows demonstrates the full extent of her contentment. On the arrival of her husband home Mary Maloney begins to detect something is wrong with her husband and a nervous anxiousness starts to appear in her. It states â€Å"he did an unusual thing. He lifted his glass and drained it in one swallow†. This was setting the scene that this was not a normal evening and indicating â€Å"drained it† introduced negative connotations. The statements â€Å"she heard the ice cubes falling back against the bottom of the empty glass† and â€Å"she noticed the new drink was dark amber† and â€Å"she could see little oily swirls in the liquid because it was so strong† shows she was becoming fixated on the manner in which he was drinking the whisky. This fixation was used by the story teller in combination with her repeated attempts to be helpful and appease in statements such as â€Å"’I’ll get it!’ she cried, jumping up.† and â€Å"‘Darling, shall I get your slippers?’ † and also with â€Å"’But, darling, you must eat!’† to build up a picture of increasing uneasiness in her. The writing style of using of exclamation marks and italicised â€Å"must† emphasised the anxiety. On her husband’s announcement of his news Mary Maloney went into shock and denial. The statement â€Å"dazed horror† demonstrated this but also â€Å"as he went further and further way from her with each word† emphasised she had begun to detach from her current reality and to hope it was all a mistake â€Å"Maybe, if she went about her business and acted as though she hadn’t been listening, then later, when she sort of woke up again, she might find none of it had ever happened.† demonstrates this further. The statement â€Å"She couldn’t feel anything at all – except a slight nausea and a desire to vomit† demonstrates the extent of her emotional distress as it emphasised her body had been physically affected by the news. After she kills her husband she is jolted out of shock by the sounds of her husband crashing to the floor. The statement â€Å"The violence of the crash, the noise, the small table overturning, helped bring her out of shock† demonstrates this. Her mind races to at this point to calculate how to cover up the crime but not for her own benefit but to protect her unborn child. This is shown in the statements â€Å"how clear her mind became all of a sudden. She began thinking very fast.†, â€Å"It made no difference to her. In fact it would be a relief†, â€Å"what about the child† and â€Å"she ran upstairs to the bedroom†. The fast pace being used to show still an element of distress but now more panicked than shocked, clear minded and calculating how to get away with the crime. Mary Maloney then perseveres to overcome her panic and acts to maintain an air of normality so that she can carry out believably her plan to cover up her crime. The statement â€Å"That was better. Both the smile and the voice were coming out better now. She rehearsed it several times moreâ€Å". This shows the struggle to speak normally as she needed to rehears it. In the shop the statement â€Å"’Hullo Sam,’ she said brightly, smiling at the man behind the counter.† and â€Å"Perfect’, she said. He loves it.’†, shows she has decided to pretend that there is nothing wrong. This act of normality is further emphasised by her thoughts as she approaches her house on return from the shops stating â€Å"she happened to find anything unusual or tragic, or terrible, then naturally it would be a shock and she’d become frantic with grief and horror.†, and â€Å"Keep things absolutely natural and there’ll be no  need for actin g at all†. She believes by being as natural as possible she will get away with the crime. Mary Maloney then feels the pain of loosing her husband. The passage â€Å"All the old love and longing for him welled up inside her, and she ran over to him and knelt down beside him, and began to cry her heart out. It was easy. No acting was necessary.† The words â€Å"welled up† shows her being overcome by emotion and also â€Å"to cry her heart out† being very emotive of a pouring out of her emotions. After the momentary grief of seeing her husband dead on her return she goes back into acting out her plan to cover up the crime but calmer and yet more calculating. The statement â€Å"she fell right into Jack Noonan’s arms, weeping hysterically†, â€Å"’Is he dead?’she cried.† and â€Å"While she was talking, crying and talking†. Mary was building a picture of a a wife who was grieving. She then lures the policemen into drinking â€Å"’Would you mind giving me a drink’† â€Å"Why don’t you have one yourself, ‘she said. ‘You must be awfully tired’ â€Å"and â€Å"others came in and were persuaded to take a little nip†. They were â€Å"uncomfortable in her presence† and when it came to eating the meat â€Å"’Please she begged. ‘Please eat it’†, and then, †It’d be a favour to me if you’d eat it up† and â€Å"in the end they were persuaded to go into the kitchen and help themselves.† It was calculating as she was using the policeman’s discomfort at being with a grieving widow and desire to not cause her further distress to do things that they would not normally do. In this way she achieves her goal which was for them to eat the weapon, the leg of lamb. It shows her ability to manipulate the others in the situation. There is no visible remorse being demonstrated by these actions. In the end she is pleased with her efforts to cover up the crime. The statement â€Å"And in the other room, Mary Maloney began to giggle† shows this. In the story she has turned full circle from the devoted loving wife to calculating killer pleased to have gotten off with it. The storyteller is portraying a crime of passion where someone has been wronged by their love, reacts on the spur of the moment and feels the pain of the loss but covers up the crime possibly with little guilt having been the emotionally injured  party at the outset. She has justified her actions to herself for the well being of her unborn child.

Liberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Liberalism - Essay Example Liberalism The theory of liberalism centers on a number of assumptions. The first assumption is that both state and non-state actors play a vital role in international relations. Liberalism values sub-state actors such as multi-national corporations and individuals. These actors can influence global politics (Shiraev and Zubok 389). The second major assumption under liberalism is that international relations encompass both cooperation and conflict. Liberals argue that since state are linked by finance and trade; they have incentives to cooperate with one another. This rationale allows the reduction of trade barriers such as tariffs. The democratic stability theory is also part of the second assumption and centers on the presumption that democratic states do not go to war with one another and that democratic countries do not instigate conflict. Liberals argue that democracies have shared values and norms thus identify with one another. Additionally, democracies are not subjected to military cont rol. The third assumption of the theory of liberalism is that states are not typically unitary or rational actors thus leaders play bi-level games by simultaneously negotiating with foreign leaders and making choices that maintain their constituencies’ happiness.economics can all be the most vital goal of a state. . The article speaks to the issues of international relations on environmental issues, specifically pollution and deforestation.... The primary issue is that of the environment and business as palm companies operating in Indonesia illegally burn forests so as to pave way for palm plantations. This is a recurring problem in the country. The issue of air pollution and deforestation presented in the article affects the South Asian region. The theory of liberalism holds that sub-state actors are primary instigators of international relations issues. Multinational companies that own palm plantations in Indonesia are some of the greatest masterminds of deforestation and the illegal slash-and-burn practices as they clear land for their plantations. The issue is a major problem for the actors since environmental issues such as deforestation and air pollution can affect an entire regions. The multinational corporations involved in polluting the air and deforesting lands are also bound to be impacted by the ensuing poor air quality. Like the corporations, other institutions and individuals in the region are also affected. For instance, airlines lose business as they planes are grounded while people suffer from breathing difficulties or lung diseases. The problem is experienced the same by all parties because, according to liberalism, environmental issues can dominate the international agenda thereby impacting the entire nation. All actors in the South Asian region are impacted by the consequences of palm plantations’ slash-and-burn practices. This means that the environmental issue is a collective problem, which according to liberals, is at the center of international cooperation (Shiraev and Zubok 367). The issue at hand is a demonstration of how financial power plays a significant role in shaping international politics. Indonesian officials argue that companies headquartered in

Mrs. Fields' Cookies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mrs. Fields' Cookies - Case Study Example Expansion of business makes it excessively difficult for an entrepreneur to maintain ties with the customers and obtain immediate responses when need be. As such, customers lose the sense of belonging to the business and feel less appreciated and might avoid buying from the business thus impacting negatively on the business’ revenues and reputation. Similarly, effective communication is vital in the success of any business. Mrs. Fields’ allowed communication to take place freely irrespective of positions, a factor that can cause rumormongering and leaking of vital information that might confound the business’ operations. Effective arrangement of stock entices customers to a business. If stock is disorganized, customers tend to avert shopping in such places and sales plummets. Expansion into international markets requires that a business is acquainted with the culture, tastes and preferences of the people in the new country to avoid being rejected and circumvented by customers for violating important cultural norms. In expanding a business, one should guarantee that the touch with the customers is not lost and this can be attained by maintaining an operation level that can meritoriously be managed and pay attention to any customer feedback received. Additionally, the vine-yard communication system should be maintained to ensure that messages are passed ceremoniously and professionally to avoid misleading information from spreading. Stock should be arranged dexterously to attract customers’ attention and shun placing unconnected items on the serving counter. Finally, when expanding into new markets with different cultures, one should be able to culturally appeal to the new customers by manufacturing and offering products that are culturally acceptable as well as suit the tastes, wants and preferences. This should be ascertained by conducting an extensive cultural screening prior to

Florida lawmaker pushes bill to end FCAT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Florida lawmaker pushes bill to end FCAT - Essay Example Widespread reports of racial profiling that led to incidents like the one in Cincinnati, where police violently clashed with black protesters for three days, have called the attention of the public and inevitably, many politicians. Cloud et al observes a nationwide scrambling for legislations banning racial profiling as a tool in police operations. The writers anticipate, however, a problem in implementing a sweeping prohibition of racial profiling as was being contemplated by the End Racial Profiling bill, then pending in 2000 in Congress. One possible outcome of such a law is a police force hesitant to do their jobs, such as what happened after the Cincinnati riots where arrests dwindled in numbers despite an opposing direction of crime incidences. Another is the unlikely feasibility of a mechanism that could accurately predict when or how racial profiling is actually being committed. The article is a well-written, subtle piece of writing imbuing as much logic and reason to impress the readers of its objectivity to cushion a position that leans towards the less popular view in this highly charged issue. The general impression that one gets after reading the article is that the writers wanted to impress the American readers of the folly of a sweeping anti-racial profiling law, considering the absence of a mechanism that could exactly measure racial profiling. Thus, the article begins by taking into account the perspectives of police, particularly from one who whines about â€Å"guilt by uniform.† The article also points out that there is no exact definition of what racial profiling is and hence, the consequent difficulty in telling the police to stop employing it, as the wrong itself defies precise and conclusive definition (Cloud et al 2). Still later, it stresses the difficulty in gauging the actual amount of racial profiling being practiced by the police force (Cloud et al 3). Understandably, the writers chose to approach this subject in a very subtl e way, presenting facts and reports as much as possible and letting interviewees mouth relevant data, which nevertheless, support the writers’ point. The article does not make much use of ‘pathos’ - the writers seemingly holding back perhaps out of fear that they would be stirring the hornet’s nest. On the other hand, the writers attempt to resort to the appeal of logic and reason by sprinkling an abundance of interviews, reports and factual accounts of events throughout the article that represented their perspectives rather than enunciating these views themselves. The appeal to logic and reason seems to be employed precisely for the readers to forget the emotional underpinning of the issue, which is not bad except that it makes the writers look like fence-sitters at times with no real position of their own leaving the readers confused as to what their objectives really are. Thus, as the writers allow some police personnel to recount the gloom that pervade s their respective agencies leaving their hands tied with charges of racial profiling looming above their heads like the sword of Damocles, the article followed this up with details of racial profiling incidents such the â€Å"flying while black† incident involving the seizure of $7,000 from a black businessman by the DEA on the ground that it was

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 50

Case study - Essay Example Above all, FAA is mandated to oversee the operations of USA air carriers even outside USA territory. The essence for this is to ensure the service level expected to be offered by USA airline companies is maintained to attract as many as possible passengers and to choose USA airline companies as the best at all times. Taking for instance being an airport manager for Los Angeles International Airport, the magnitude of task and flow of planes in and out of an airport is massive. The manager has a responsibility of ensuring the operations within the airport runs smoothly and improves continuously. Government funding to enhance the facilities in airports, cannot be sufficient, therefore, the manager should move out of the norm to look for other sources of that are reliable. Passengers can be charged for using the airport facilities, leasing space for investors to open up businesses and charging of planes for using the airport facilities will generate income. However, the charging should be logical as far as costing and returns are concerned or else it will scare away possible investor (Wells, 2000). From these sources, the manager can invest on technologies that will minimize level of sound pollution caused by planes jetting in and out of the Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 17 Case study - Essay Example One of the greatest leaders known is Nelson Mandela, a former South African President who oversaw his country gain independence after going through a difficult racial segregation period. Nelson Mandela had a wide range of leadership traits that earned him global admiration and which were also instrumental in ascertaining the success of his leadership. Among key traits that Mandela displayed in his leadership, which also have a theoretical foundation include reconciliation, self-esteem, and humility. Reconciliation formed a large part of Mandela’s leadership ideology. In the Video clip, Mandela can be seen to display the reconciliation trait by offering white members of his cabinet a chance to serve in his government. This was deemed impossible and from their body language during that first cabinet meeting, the white leaders who had spearheaded the racial apartheid movement had feared for the worst and were looking forward to being sacked from public service. Mandela on the other hand chose to forgive them and work with them for the benefit of the country. With regard to self-esteem, Mandela was very instrumental in giving his followers the belief that they were not inferior to the white who had created a notion that blacks were inferior citizens. This self-esteem is shown several times in the video clip when Mandela decides to work at par with both whites and blacks to demonstrate that no race was superior to the other. His treatment of the Rugby team, which was predominantly white, indicated his belief that all people are equal. Humility is also displayed on several instances in the movie clip and in deed in Mandela’s life and leadership. He always mixed with common citizens and other junior leaders listening to them and giving them advice. When he mingled freely with the rugby team captain sharing leadership experiences as if they are at par,

Air Pollution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Air Pollution - Research Paper Example Both humans as well as the nature have been held responsible for the emission of pollutants in the air. The emission of these pollutants is the reason behind the occurrence of air pollution. Various human activities have been found to heavily contribute to the increase in air pollution.One of the human activities that are constantly increasing the levels of air pollution is the emission of harmful gasses from organizations that produce goods to satisfy human needs. The most common form of air pollutants that is emitted by the industries includes carbon monoxide as well as other chemicals. Another reason due to which pollutants are released in air is the burning down of fossil fuels through airplanes as well as automobiles. Individuals try to keep their homes as well as crops free from insects and pests with the assistance of pesticides and other clearing products and these products release harmful chemicals that result in air pollution. According to Jacoby, the vehicles that travel o n road account for more than 90% of the carbon dioxide.Those who are harming the environment are those who are being negatively impacted by their own actions. Air pollution has been found to be negatively impacting all living things including plants, animals as well as hum beings. Air pollution has been found to result in impacting human health in a negative manner and these effects are both long term as well as short term. The level of impact is directly correlated with the level and length of time an individual is being exposed to these pollutants

Credit Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Credit Management - Essay Example The six specific items of information those are available from a cooperative bank source are agreement details, government registration, balance sheet details, tax return details, reserve bank registration and annual banking transactions. (Lock, 330) It should be taken into account the relevancy of marketable securities depend on the nature of those marketable securities depending on the formulated ascertained value projected. From the credit-grantor's standpoint the best possible marketable securities would be those that are easily liquidated and low in risk. (Lock, 19) The major advantage of a customer's accounts receivable that is ageing is that this would be one of the most applicable means of security possible. Apart from that there remains chance that if used properly this customer's accounts receivable would fetch more premium than the customer's own capacity. (Lock, 176) To ascertain the consistency of the customer over a period of time the value of "Spreading" successive balance sheets on comparison forms is one of the most advantageous instruments for the credit grantor. This is the best possible proof of the customer's credibility. (Lock, 119) There are several advantages of setting credit lines for established customers but the most important could be defined as mutual benefit in terms of trust obtained. The second can be treated as goodwill calculation theory that allows the client to benefit from the credit line. Thirdly it becomes important for the company to overlook few objectives as the customer is tested and proved. (Lock, 22) 9.) You hold a $30,000.00 order from a customer whose regular line of credit is $10,000.00. The customer explains that this out-of-routine order will cover their needs for the next 90 days. The customer has always been prompt and owes nothing at present. Explain why you would accept this order for triple your credit line The prime reason of granting this order to the customer is that the customer's credibility is well tested and proved. Thus it becomes obvious that the customer is to be trusted as a credit line is already established. However, with the assurance from the customer it could be enumerated safe to grant this order. (Lock,

Personnel management vs. human resource management Essay

Personnel management vs. human resource management - Essay Example The philosophy ingrained behind HRM is that humans are the assets of an organization just like information and other. As such, pre-planned strategies have to be chalked out to properly manage the employees at work. It thus takes into account all internal or external factors that have a bearing on the performance levels of employees namely culture of organization, structure, value system, dependency on other departments and cross-functional teams, psychological traits of employees, peer and social group, etc. It is thus an inter-related strategic function focused primarily on quality of human output achieved (IQPC 2006). Evolution of HRM from Personnel Management As mentioned before, HRM has evolved from personnel management through successive stages. Initially, personnel management was just rephrased as human resources management with no major difference in understanding or practice. With increased impetus on enhanced performance demands, coherent people structure and need for a cent ral workforce policy, personnel management was re-conceptualized and named as human resources management with specific attention on four major employee areas- work systems, reward systems, employee influence and human resource flow (Poole 1999:98). However, with shifting focus from cost minimization to utility maximization, personnel management was made distinctive from human resources management as strategy crept into the latter. Thus, while personnel management regards people as workforce and treats matters on superficial levels reactively, human resources management adopts a proactive approach and considers people as assets and primary resource of an organization. Similarities between... Any new initiative in a business scenario first starts at operational level but with continued success and evident results;it turns strategic in its scope,implications,and implementations.One such management function is personnel management which started decades back as a mere administrative tool to control operational activities of workforce.With the change in mindset of businessmen and policy makers and with the consideration of workforce as human assets for an organization, personnel management turned strategic with incorporation of other ‘soft’ factors like performance, motivation, quality, behavior patterns, non-monetary benefits and above all, linkage between organizational objectives and human resource objectives.After analyzing the similarities and differences between personnel management and human resources management, it is pretty much obvious that differences outweigh the similarities. Similarities between the two are of very general nature which cannot serve as the basis for any academic analysis or discussion. It is the differing side which actually initiates the development of an opinion regarding how personnel management and human resources management and related. In modern context when globalization is taking the world by storm and responsibility of sustained competitive edge stays on people, these gaps between personnel management and human resources management will be widened.

WEEK 3 APLICATION 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WEEK 3 APLICATION 1 - Essay Example dly, the decision of the researcher to use of project management office staff, project planner, or portfolio manager in carrying out the surveys was quiet significant in drawing the relationship between e-leadership styles and the success of virtual project managers. As such, the researcher effectively addressed the research problem using the Leadership Behavioral Analysis II-Self (LABII-Self) surveys and direct project staff thus avoiding bias in the study. Indeed, the concurrent triangulation mixed methods design research helps to attain the consistency of the study and thus its results. Ideally, since the project managers took part in the study, the results realized would help the project managers to improve the practice of managing virtual projects and thus their success (Lee, 2010). Nevertheless, since the project management office staff, project planner, or portfolio managers taking part in the Leadership Behavioral Analysis are stakeholders in the study, their emanates a slim chance of biased information due to competing interests among the sample population. Actually, the results of such a study equally depended on the independence, diligence, and honesty of the interviewees. Indeed, as seen in the results of the study, the researcher established varying results in the quantitative and qualitative responses on situational leadership techniques with reference to effects on running virtual projects. The lack of the study to establish distinct levels of success between managers with high e-leadership styles and those with low scores proves that there is a discrepancy in the results (Lee, 2010). Because of this, more and detailed research on this and other related topics is necessary in deducing the e-leadership styles that determine the success of virtual proje cts. This equally calls for the application of the situational leadership theory for attainment of reasonable results relating to virtual projects. Indeed, had the researcher considered other

The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Essay Lord Capulet is partially at fault because he told Juliet to take her time and find someone she loves to get married. As well as Friar Laurence because he made hasty decisions about marrying behind the backs of their parents. Romeo and Juliet because they went behind everyone’s back at such a young age to marry one another. In the tragic love story Romeo and Juliet, written by Shakespeare, Friar Laurence, Romeo, Juliet, and Lord Capulet are all at fault for Romeo and Juliet killing themselves because the use of hasty decisions. Lord Capulet, Juliet’s father, was making hasty decisions by trying to over whelm all the sadness from Tybalt’s death with the ‘good’ news of Juliet’s wedding with Paris. He tells Juliet that she is going to marry Paris that Thursday and it will be a big celebration. Only a day later he changes the date from that Thursday to a day before, Wednesday. Capulet was not the only one to make hasty decisions, Friar Laurence did as well. He was the one that agreed to marry Romeo and Juliet behind their families back. In the intro to scene six it says â€Å"†¦the two confess their loves for each other and prepare to get married by the friar†. Friar Laurence also gave Juliet the potion that would make her seem like she was dead for â€Å"two and forty hours†. Romeo and Juliet were also to blame for their deaths though. They are the ones who made the hasty decision to marry behind their parents’ backs. They were only thirteen and about sixteen as well. If Romeo had been there to talk to Juliet he would have known what was going on and he wouldn’t have killed himself because he would have known that Juliet was still alive. If Romeo didn’t kill himself neither would have Juliet. So, there were many people to blame in the deaths of the very tragic yet romantic Romeo and Juliet; Lord Capulet, Friar Laurence, and of course, themselves Romeo and Juliet.

Importance of Job Satisfaction

Importance of Job Satisfaction PREFACE Management education is unusual combination of academic learning and practical expertise and in order to produce an executive, the two have to be interwoven. The practical training in any organization in domain of a management course has pivotal importance in not only expose the management student to the actual work situations thus giving them a rich in sight in to what practically goes on behind in the industrial climate and government institution and boards of India but it also help the students, who are eager to learn, to imbibe the latest in diverse areas and capitalize on it. Thus practical training in any industry or organization inculcates in the students, the skill and aptitude, which will position them to take full advantage of opportunities. I had privilege of receiving my practical knowledge about the training in BIG BAZAAR keeping in line with the objective of the3 customer oriented approach to be followed by a public utility organization. During my training, I was allotted a project to study the job satisfaction in BIG BAZAAR. I have tried my level best to make this project a success, obviously with in the parameters of constraints. I hope that the project report will be evaluated in this light and appreciate INTRODUCTION TO HRM Management is defined as that field of the human behavioour in which managers plan, organizes ,staff , direct and control human, physical and financial resources in an organization effort, in order to achieve desired individual and group objectives with optimum efficiency and effectiveness. It is clear from definition that management is concerned with the accomplishment of objectives by utilizing physical and financial resources through the efforts of human resources. Thus human resources are a crucial sub-system in the process of management. The term human resources is quit popular in India with the institution of ministry of Human Resources Development in the Cabinet. The modern organization setting is characterized by constant changing relating to environment factors and human resources. As regards environment factors we find changes in the operating organization structure, the network of working procedures, customs or norms and economic, political and social patterns in which organization exist. There is a constant change in human resources, new ideas and expectations. The existing work force is constantly with new ideas, attributes and values. To look after the various function set for the organization adequate resources in men and material have to be arranged by individual who serve as managers or supervisors within the organization. Such people have to make thing to achieve objective of organization. To achieve their objectives four important Ms should be utilized. Example: MONEY MATERIAL MACHINERY MEN The success, failure of organization depends on the above factors DEFINITION Human Resource Management is the method of developing potentialities of employees so that they get maximum satisfaction out of their work and give their efforts to the organization. Human Resource Management is the planning, organizing, directing and controlling of the procurement development , compensation, integration, maintenance and separation of human resources to the end that individual, organizational and societal objectives of accomplished. Human Resource Management in an extension general management, that of prompting and stimulating every employee to make his fullest contribution to the purpose of a business. SCOPE The well known Aristotelian saying is worth quoting while analyzing the scope of HRD. Aristotle said, it is as natural for human being to development and achieve his full potential as it for an acorn to grow in to a majestic oak tree. The focus of HRD essentially is on enabling people to self actualize through a systematic process of developing their existing capabilities of people both in the present and future. HRD has a wide ranging scope as its objectives included: Developing a climate for the employees to discover, to develop and use their full capacities for the organization. Increases the capacity of an organization to attract, retain and motive talented employees. Facilitating systematic generation of information on human resources for man power planning, development placements, carrier planning and succession planning. IMPORTANCE OF THE HRM Human resources play a crucial role in the development process of modern economics. Arthur Levis observed, there are grate differences in development between countries which seems to have roughly equal resources, so it is necessary to enquiry in to the differences in human behavior. It is often felt that, through the exploitation of natural resources and international aid play prominent roles in the growth of modern economies, none of these factors more significant then efficient and committed man power. It is infant, said that all development comes from the human mind. AIMS OF HRM Improve performance of individual on the present job. Improve competence of individual to perform future jobs. Improve group dynamics and effectiveness. Integrate individual goals with organizational goals. Encourage creativity Increase JOB SATISFACTION INTRODUCTION Job satisfaction is a great concern to any organization. As a new employee, he had limited time but ample exposure to varying degrees of job satisfaction. Job satisfaction has been the subject of research and pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experiences. An individuals attitude about his or her job should have meaningful implications about how he or she does it. Many human relations era researchers sought to establish job satisfaction. However, cited conflicting research results and questioned this view. Performance leads to job satisfaction. This has become the generally accepted view. Even so, the strength of the relationship appears to be very weak. The importance of job satisfaction lies not in its relationship with performance but with its stabling effects ( reducing tardiness, absenteeism, and turnover ) and through its effects on cohesion ( increasing organizational citizenship behaviors and ornizational commitment ). Job satisfaction appears to mediate the effects of in role performance, role conflict, and job induced tension on intent to leave and extra- role performance. MEANING Job satisfaction is one of the criteria of establishing a healthy organizational structure in an organization. Job satisfaction as general attitude of the workers constituted by their approach towards the wages, working, conditions, control, promotion related with the job, social relations in the work, reorganization of talent and some similar variables, personal characteristics, and group relations apart from life. Job satisfaction is the sentiments related with the job conducted. DEFINITION According to Happock Job satisfaction is Any combination of psychological and environmental circumstances that causes and person truthfully to say I am satisfied with my job. Job satisfaction is defined as the pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job as achieving or facilitating the achievement of ones job values. THE IMPORTANCE OF JOB SATISFACTION The most importance evidence which indicates that the conditions of an organization got worsened is the low rate of job satisfaction. The job satisfaction is the condition of establishing an healthy organizational environment in an organization. Individuals want to maintain statute, high ranks and authority by giving their capabilities such as knowledge, ability, education, health etc. to their jobs for which they spend most of their time. The individuals who cannot meet their expectations with regard to their jobs become dissatisfied. Thus, this dissatisfaction affects the organization for which she/he works. Job satisfaction is very important for every persons motivation and contribution to production. Job satisfaction may diminish irregular attendance at work, replacement of workers within a cycle or even the rate of accidents. GUIDELINES FOR THE JOB SATISFACTION: Commitment to Quality Organizations are required to provide objective evidence showing Proactive involvement of the management in quality acuities through: Prioritization of equity as a critical success factor for the organization Ensuring that quality performance goals, objectives and targets are set, realized and regularly reviewed ( This may include compliance the required resources (financial, human, metirial time, information and others) Quality Policy the level of its awareness in the organization Ensres all members of the organization are involved in the quality activities shows that the management seek and receive feedback from staff, customers and others. Requires management to regulary review the quality activities throughout the organization including quality objectivities and policy is appropriate, relavant and suitable for the achievement of the organizations vision demonstrates effectiveness of the quality system through reviews and audits is played in locations readily accessible to all. Implementation of strategy Availability of documented action plans and their communication to concerned people. Steps taken by the organization to ensure successfully implementation of quality activities ( by such techniques as determining its strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats- SWOT or ensuring that planned activites are SMART- specific , Measurable, Achivable, Realistic and Timed) How the organization monitors or keeps track of progress in the implementation of its activates. Whether the organization carries out planned reviews and updating of the activates /plans during implementation. Customer and market focus The criteria seeks to find out how organizations reach out to existing and potential customers and how they address the markets place and customer quality requirements, expectations, needs and wants. Also organization are required to show how they care for their customers and ensure their satisfaction. Customer needs identification The organization has a documentated procedure for the collection of information on customer needs and markets place quality demands. The organization find out the short and long term stated and implied needs , wishes and wants of the existing and potential customers. Organization decides which customer requirements to focus on and which market segments to serve. Organizations establishments care education. Organization establishes, sustain and improve its relations with customers and others. The organization educate its customers on how to make best use of the products or serves and what records are kept for customer care and education activities conducted. Customer satisfaction measurements and monitoring The organization carries out measurement s and monitoring to establish levels of customer satisfaction. The organization handle complains and review and improve current customer satisfaction levels. FACTORS OF JOB SATISFACTION To better understand employees attitudes and motivation, Fedric Hezberg performed studies to determine which factor in an employees work environment caused satisfaction or dissatisfaction Hezberg found that the factors causing job satisfaction were different from those causing job satisfaction . He developed the motivation hygine from those causing job dissatisfaction. He developed the motivation hygiene theory to explain these results. He developed the satisfaction .He called the satisfiers as motivators and dissatisfies as hygiene factors that factors , using the term hygine in the sense that they are considered maintenance factors that are necessary to avoid dissatisfaction Hezberg reasoned that because the factor causing satisfaction are different from those causing dissatisfaction, the two feelings can not simply be treated as opposites of one another. The opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction but rather no satisfaction . Similarly the opposite of dissatisfaction is always dissatisfaction. Employee satisfaction and retention have always been important issues for physicians. After all, high levels of absenteeism and staff turnover can affect yours bottom line, as temps recruit mint and retraining take toll. But few practices (in fact, few organizations ) have made job satisfaction a top priority, perhaps because they have failed to understand the significant opportunity that lies in front of them . Satisfied employees tend to be more productive, creative and committed to their employers, and recent studies have shown a direct correlation between staff satisfaction and patient satisfaction. Family physicians who can create work environment that attract, motivate and retain hard working individuals will be better positioned to succeed in a competitive health care environment that demands quality and cost- efficiency. What is more, physicians may even discover that by creating a positive work place for their employees, they have increased their own job satisfaction as well . HERZBERGS THEORY In the late 1950s, Fredric Herzberg, considered by many to be a pioneer in motivation theory, interviewed a group of employees to find out what made them satisfied and dissatisfied on the job. He asked the employees essentially two sets of questions: Think of a time felt especially good about your job. Why did you fell that way ? Think of a time when you felt especially bad about your job. Why did you feel that way ? From these interviews Herzberg went on to develop his theory that there are to dimensions to job satisfactions : motivation and hygine'(see Two dimensions of employee satisfaction ) Hygine issues, according to Hezberg, can not motivate employees but can minimize dissatisfaction, if handled properly. In order words, they can only dissatisfy if they are absent or mishandled. Hygine topics include company policies, super vision, salary, interpersonal relations and working conditions. They are issues related to the employees environment. Motivators, on the other hand, create satisfaction by fulfilling individuals needs for meaning personal growth. They are issues such as achievement, reorganization ,the work itself ,responsibility and advancement, Once the hygine areas are addressed said Herberg, the motivators will promote job satisfaction and encourage production. APPLYING THE THEORY To apply Herzbergs theory to real- world practice, lets begin with the hygiene issues. Although hygiene issues are not the source of satisfaction, these issues must be dealt with first to create an environment in which employee satisfaction and motivation are even possible. COMPANY AND ADMINISTRATIVE POLICIES An organizations policies cabin be aggregate source of frustration for employees if the policies are unclear or unnecessary or if not every one is require to fallow them. Although employees will never feel a great since of motivation or satisfaction due to your policies, you can decrees dissatisfaction in this area by making your policies are fair and apply equally to all. Also, make printed copies of your policies and procedures manual easily accessible to all members of your staff if you dont have a written manual, create one ,soliciting staff in put along the way if already have manual, consider updating it ( again, with staff in put ). You might also impair your policies to those of similar practices and ask yourself whether particular policies are unreasonably strict are whether some penalties are too harsh. SUPERVISION To decrease dissatisfaction in this area , you must begin by making wise decisions when you appoint some to the role of supervisor. Be aware that good employees do not always make good supervisors. The role of supervisor is extremely difficult. It require leadership skills and the ability to treat all employees fairly. You should teach your supervisors to use positive feedback whenever possible and should establish a set means of employee evaluation and feedback so that no one feels singled out. SALARY The old adage you get what you for tents to be true when it comes to staff members. Salary is not a motivator for employees, but they do want to be paid fairly. If individuals believe they are not compensated well, They will be unhappy working for you. Consult salary surveys or even your local heap-wanted ads to see whether the salaries and benefits youre offering are comparable to those of other offices in your area. In addition, make sure you have clear policies related to salaries, raises and bonuses. INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS Remember that part of the satisfaction of being employed is the social contact it brings, so allow employees a reasonable amount of time for socialization (e.g. Over lunch, during breaks, between patients ). This will help them develop a sense of camaraderie and teamwork. At the same time, you should crack down on rudeness, inappropriate behavior and offensive, comments. If an individual continues to be disruptive, take chare of the situation, perhaps by dismissing him or her from the practice. WORKING CONDITIONS The environment in which people work has a tremendous effect on their level of pride for themselves and for the wok they are doing. Do everything you can to keep your equipment and facilities up to date. Even a nice can make a world of difference to an individuals psyche. Also, if possible, avoid over crowing and allow each employee his or her own personal space, whether it be a desk, a clerk, locker or even just a drawer. If youve placed your employees in close quarters with little or no personal space, do not be surprised that there is tension among them. Before you move on to the motivators, remember that you cannot neglect the hygiene factors discussed above. To do so would be asking for trouble in more than one way. First, your employees would be generally happy, and this would be apprent to your patients. Second, your hand working employees, who can find jobs elsewhere, would leave, while your mediocre employees would stay and compromise your practices success. So deal with hygiene issues first then move on to the motivators: WORK IT SELF Perhaps most important to employees motivation is healing individuals believe that the work they are doing is important and that their tasks are meaningful. Emphasize that contributions to the practice result in positive outcomes and good health care for your patients . Share stories of success about how an employees actions made area difference in the life of a patient, or in making a process better. Make a big deal out of meaningful tasks that have become ordinary, such as new- baby visits. ACHIEVEMENTS One premise inherent in Herzbergs theory is that most individuals sincerely want to do a good job. To help them, make sure youve placed them in positions that use their talents and are not set up for failure. Set clear, achievable goals and slandered for each position ,and make sure employees know what those goals and standards are. Individuals should also receive regular, timely feedback on how they are doing and should feel they are being adequately challenged in their job. Be careful, how ever, not to overload individuals with challenges that are too difficult are impossible, as that can be paralyzing. RECOGNITION Individuals at all levels of the organization want to be recognized for their achievements on the job. Their successes dont have to be monumental before they deserve recognition, but your praise should be sincere. If you notice employees doing something well, take the time it acknowledge their good work immediately publicly thank them for handling a situation particularly well. Write them a kind to establish a formal recognition program, such as employee of the month. RESPONSIBILITY Employees will be more motivate to do their jobs well if they have owner ship of their work. This requires giving employees enough freedom and power to carry out their tasks so that they feel they own the result. As individuals mature in their jobs, provide opportunities for added responsibility. ADVANCEMENT Reward loyalty and performance with advancement. If you do not have an open position to which to promote a valuable employee, consider giving him or her a new title that reflects the level of work he or she has achieved. When feasible, support employees by allowing them to pursuer further education, when feasible, support employees by allowing them to pursuer further education, which will make them more valuable to your practice. HOW TO IMPROVE JOB SATISFACTION: Provide workers with responsibility- and let them use it Show respect Recognize The Whole Person Mark out a clear path to growth Work flexibility in organizations. HOW ORGANIZATION PLANS FOR FUTURE JOB SATISFACTION It identifies sources of job satisfaction and disaffection and among administrative and support staff and describes their impact. It examines staff plans for the future, and the likelihood of them remaining within the higher education sector. GENERAL SOURCES OF JOB SATISFACTION Most of the distractive staff who took part in the focus groups gained satisfaction from the role they played in higher education. They were less satisfied with developments in higher education which had eroded the rewards gained from working in the sector. Staff expressed a strong commitment to higher education and the contribution they were making to the greater good. Most staff derived great job satisfaction from this than they would from a job offering only monetary rewards. Staff also felt that working in higher education was socially rewarding. Several identified the friendly and supportive relationships they had developed with students and colleagues as being something which which gave them great satisfaction. One said I work students all the timethey are very enthusiastic and that rubs off on you. This was particularly the case for staff based in department with opportunities to build relationships with students. They had gained considerable satisfaction from watching students move through the higher education courses. These tangible outcomes were highly valued by some staff. Many staff appreciated the fact that the structure of higher education enabled them to work in small enough units to develop close working relationships with their colleagues. One commented because theres only a limited number of people, you get to know people from all across the library. You actually really like your own staff thats a nice feeling. They also valued the opportunities which working in higher education offered to meet other people working in different departments. Specific sources of job satisfaction In addition to these strong general themes of satisfaction, more specific sources of job satisfaction were linked to how staff entered higher education. The niche-finders This group of staff gained job satisfaction from the factors which had initially attracted them to higher education. They liked the variety offered by their work in higher education. They found their jobs interesting and stimulating. More important, they expressed the belief that, despite the increasing pressure of their jobs, higher education remained a less stressful working environment than the private sector and still compared favourably to the private sector. Yet many felt that the gap between the two sectors was closing. The job is interesting, but unfortunately that interest is becoming a pressure now. I mean I still enjoy my job (but theres no time to) sit back and enjoy it. The subject specialists Staff in this group also derived most of their job satisfaction fro the factors which had originally attracted them to higher education. They still appreciated the opportunity to work in a stimulating and interesting environment. Most also felt that they had developed intellectually from contact with academics and students. The subject specialists often displayed higher levels of job satisfaction then the niche-finders because of their commitment to their subject and the satisfaction they derived from pursuing their interest or specialism. One explained.. my passion in life is careers education thats all I think about. (1) absolutely love it. An administrator elaborated further: It is the subject, not the job, I enjoy, I am actually earning money out of doing something that I enjoy its purely because I am actually earning money doing something that I enjoy doing. It is the subject, not the system. This group of staff gained particular satisfaction from their involvement with academic staff and students who were working in their subject area. The new professionals: This was clearly the group of staff who were getting the most satisfaction from working in higher education, at the time of the group discussions. Rather than being threatened or undermined by recent developments in higher education, they were products of the change. They benefited from the direction and pace of change and valued the dynamism of a rapidly changing environment. One explained. I like my work. I was interested in (the subject) and I saw a job advertised, but it is ..improved. You know Ive grown into the job. These staff, more than any other group of administrative and support staff, believed that they received recognition for the role they played within higher education. They were also the only group who said that they felt valued and appreciated by the new management culture. Some of the younger members of this group also perceived themselves to be relatively well paid for the work that they did. General sources of job dissatisfaction Unlike job satisfaction sources of job dissatisfaction were not strongly related to individuals original motivations for working in higher education. This was because: General levels of dissatisfaction were high among all staff; and The factors causing dissatisfaction related more to the context within which staff worked, rather than their specific individual circumstances. Several important, recurring themes were raised in all of the group discussions. Lack of opportunities for progression The biggest single source of job dissatisfaction identified by staff was the nature of the career structure for administrative and support staff. The experiences of the high proportion of staff who where stuck at the top of their grade with no possibility of progression as have the general feelings about the lack of career prospects. Dissatisfaction was intensified by the perception that regarding decisions were motivated by financial concerns rather than judgments about individuals performance or the demands of their job. Lack of recognition Dissatisfaction of staff around lack of recognition was not simply related to an inability to make progress in their careers. Most of the anger and frustration staff expressed focused on their perception that their lack of opportunities result from a general low regard for administrative and support functions within higher education. This lack of recognition ahs probably always existed in higher education. Yet significant changes in the roles and responsibilities of administrative and support functions within higher education and the increasingly important central role these staff now play. Despite these changes, staff believed that their contribution was still neither recognized nor valued. Administrative and support staff who worked closely with academics were particularly likely to feel undervalued. They found that academics either dismissed their views or did not consult them at all. Many felt that the academics they worked with did not recognize the importance of the service they provided. A central administrator said: I dont like dealing with (academics) they dont think (my jobs) important and they think its a waste of time. I dont like dealing with (them). A departmental administrator agreed. I do think they sometimes think they are above the admin. As a result, administrative and support staff often felt their work was undermined by academic staff. Staff attributed the undervaluing of administrative and support staff at least in part, to the fact that their work went largely unnoticed. For many of them, the most important indicator of success was that systems ran smoothly and efficiently without giving other people cause for complaint. In this sense, they were only visible when systems broke down or went wrong. One said: . If youre doing wrong its clearly shown This is wrong. But if you do something right its never told Youve done right. So you always are in the repeat state of (thinking) This might be wrong. A computer officer explained: with the advent of the new technologies and advances of IT more has been able to go wrong. And when they go wrong, they go wrong in a slightly more spectacular manner. And academics always pick up on this even when no member of the university is at fault, we are the first people into the nest, because.. we should know about these things. This lack of recognition and reward for good performance was common to all staff and contributed considerably to negative feelings about their job. One said: It would be nice if its recognized elsewhere, from the management and staff saying Yes, you have done a good job. You are achieving. You are somebody who we are lucky to have. Another expressed a similar sentiment, saying: You do need those pats on the back. You do need those. Pay The issue of financial rewards was a further source of job dissatisfaction for most administrative and support staff and was strongly related to concerns about progression and recognition. The basis for staff dissatisfaction, however, was not simply low pay. Most of them had knowingly entered a relatively low-paid sector. Their dissatisfaction stemmed from their belief that their pay levels did not recognize the increasingly central role played by administrative and support staff within higher education. Nor had their pay scales kept up with the growing level of responsibility that administrative and support staff were taking on. An administrator explained. Im on a secretarial grade and secretarial pay but Im. actual

Development of Emulsion Property

Development of Emulsion Property Student’s name: Yang Jiang Abstract In recent years, emulsion has taken an important port in our life, such as cosmetic and some other cosmetic industries. The property of the emulsion has a direct impact on our daily life. This paper chose the process of produce bath gel to provide what makes the property change, how to control it and how to make it better. In technically, chose different viscosity, speed rate and concentrate to get different product. Aim to find the best one. Introduction An emulsion is formed when two more insoluble phases are blended together with one of them is in the form of liquid drop. Emulsions belong to a two-phase system ofmatter which is calledcolloids. The emulsion is generally non-transparent and inherently unstable. The diameter of drop is between 100nm to 10mm, and the size of it could be observed by an optical microscope. However in this work, an emulsion consisting of two liquids is the objective many companies and institutions tend to take advantages of. To sum up, two types of this emulsion can be formed by mixture. The one which shapes into a water-in-oil system is called W/O emulsion and another is oil-in-water system which is called O/W emulsion. Emulsion is widely used in manufacturing as a common form of formulated products, and whose properties have been studied in agriculture, medicine, cosmetics and food. Some kinds of emulsion are necessities in daily life, such as: milk, ice cream, vinaigrettes, rubber, latex, crude oil emulsions and even some cutting fluids formetal working. However, an emulsion cannot be obtained easily because emulsions cannot be formed spontaneously. Energy is needed to form an emulsion through shaking, stirring, homogenizing or exposure to power ultrasound. And in this proposal, the emulsion is formed by stirring. Some mixing devices will be adopted to blend Silicon oil and water together. So it is apparent that some parameters can be fixed as constant and the others are what we are interested in to investigate. A number of the physicochemical properties of emulsions can only be understood with reference to their dynamic nature. Many properties depend on the volume fraction of both phases and the type of emulsifier present. Because of the low solubility of oil in water it is usually assumed that the oil in an emulsion droplet is isolated from that in neighboring droplets. Emulsion stability refers to as the ability of resisting change in its properties over time. Coalescence happens when droplets crash into each other and combine to form a larger droplet, so the mean droplet size increases over time. Emulsions can also undergocreaming, in which the droplets rise to the top of the emulsion. In order to keep the emulsion stability, an appropriate surface active agent should be decided to add into the system to increase the kinetic stability of an emulsion so that the size of the droplets keep unchangeable significantly with time. The emulsions produced by dispersion of a liquid into another insoluble liquid is an aspect of great benefits in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industries. Present industrial methods applied in emulsification processes have been fully developed and studied. For example, rotor stator devices, and static mixers techniques are well-accepted as important ways of producing small droplets but with another side effects on the liquids, bringing potential hazards to the properties of compounds. It has been proved by plenty of researchers that droplet size is one factor of the most difficult ones to control because some instability phases will be produced among this during the controlling process. Rotor-stator mixers are usually used for processing of disperse/break solid particles and aggregates and also to colloidal liquid-liquid systems. Such as cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical, health care products and many other industries. As the drop size affects the processing and the properties of the products in the emulsification. The mechanisms that break the drops is the key for design process. Rotor and stator are the two main mechanisms which can break drops in rotor-stator devices. For emulsification, the industrial processing and some of the product properties are influenced by the drop size. In a two-phase process, the mass transfer rate is proportional to the interfacial area between the two phases. The drop size distribution is varied with the conditions inside the vessel and the length of mixing time and thus the interfacial area is changed with it. Hence successful processing steps are designed by establishing deep understanding of the mechanism of drop breakup. In general, two competing theories have been proved on drop breakup mechanisms to give a good explanation to this phenomenon. So one theory shows that droplet breakup is produced by turbulent eddies (energy dissipation rate) and another is due to the agitator shear rate. Another widely used mixing device: static mixers, which are also called motionless mixers, have become standard equipment in the process industries. Their application in continuous processes is a good choice to traditional agitation because generally better performance can be obtained with this device at lower cost. There are also some other kinds of mixing devices such as CSTR and batch reactor. But according to the cost, property of the emulsion, the conditions in the lab and many other factors I chose rotor-stator mixer as the agitator. The working principle of rotor-stator mixture is shown as below in Figure 1. Figure 1: Basic principle of rotor – stator mixture when running In this essay, comparing different emulsion got from different conditions of the mixing due to different conditions of mixing have a direct result that the droplet size changed. The property of the emulsion is influenced by the droplet size. The viscosity and storage modulus of W/O and O/W fine concentrated emulsions were increased by the reduction of droplet size. And the shear-thinning effects got stronger in the fine emulsions As silicon oil is the resource which is manly used in cosmetics. How bath gel be different by the different size of droplet is the main purpose. As the rheology of emulsion is influenced by the droplet size, various of bath gel might be produced with different property. Background 3.1Theory 3.2. Literature review There have been a large amount of methods of producing polymer emulsions in industrial manufacturing. One of the mainly way of them is emulsion polymerization. Emulsion polymerization has large polymer relative molecular mass, fast reaction rate, low pollution and the equipment and technology with which to produce the emulsion products is easy to get and operated in generation. Recently, more and more scientists have focused on this area. Many factors have an important influence on both yield and quality of the polymerization product in the process of emulsion polymerization, such as the type and concentration of emulsifier, the sorts and concentration of initiator, the intensity of stirring, reaction temperature, the category and concentration of electrolyte and some other technological parameters. Emulsion polymerization system is a multiphase system, the effect of stirring turn the monomer into droplet separately, which is good for heat transfer and mass transfer. And keep the system mixing, constant temperature, avoid from local overheating. The yield and quality of the emulsion polymer are controlled by stir directly. Many scholars carried out extensive research on the influence of the mixing of emulsion polymerization. Such as Shunmukhan et al, Omi et al, Nomura et al who had studied the effects of mixing on low solid content of the emulsion. Vanderhoff, M. Zubitor, S. Oprea et al, Matejicek et al who has studied the effects of mixing on high solid content emulsion polymerization (> 50%).This paper elaborated how the mixing effects on the quality of products. Influence of the style of agitator on polymerization The production capacity of reactor, the quality of product and the accident caused by cooling or heating are all related to the type of agitator. Shearing action, circulating mode and the mixed-ability which were generated by mixing are given by the specific style of agitator. And so does the state of macro-flow. 3 factors should be considered when selecting the style of agitator: 1. High heat transfer coefficient should be ensure from the reactor wall or Immersion coil to the reactants; 2. An obvious effect should be provided in the stirring; 3. Low consumption of energy in the stirring. Therefore, in the process of emulsion polymerization, especially for the industrialized production, we should find out the most appropriate style of agitator by strengthen the research about the relation between mixer and emulsion polymerization. Influence of mixing intensity on the emulsion polymerization 2.1 The influence of mixing intensity on latex particle size In the process of emulsion polymerization, mixing intensity has a direct impact on the latex particle size. With the revolution of mixing higher, monomer was divided into smaller beads, the surface area of monomer droplet was larger per cubic centimeter of water, the amount of emulgator adsorbed on the surface was increased, the numbers of micelle were reduced per cubic centimeter of water, the rate of nucleation decreased in phase 1, so does the emulsion grains generated, if the initial monomer amount is fixed, the particle size of latex increases. With the increase of stirring intensity, latex particle size also increases in the process of semi-continuous emulsion polymerization are analyzed and verified by M. Zubitur et al, S. Opera. And they further points out that the stirring intensity also affect the nucleation mechanism: under the low intensity, the micellar nucleation and monomer droplet nucleation were presented. And the distribution of particle size is unimodal features. T herefore, in the emulsion polymerization, the diameter of latex particle is related to the number of latex particle, with the increase of stirring intensity, the number of latex particle decreased, the diameter of latex particle increased, vice versa. 2.2 The influence of mixing intensity on the stability of emulsion Emulsion stability is one of the most valuable properties in researches involving emulsions concerned by numerous scientists. The influence of stirring intensity on the emulsion stability is mainly manifested in polymerization stability. During the process of emulsion polymerization, droplet condensation may happen raised by coalescence of latex particles within the emulsion, as a result of the loss of polymer emulsion stability. In other cases, during the emulsion polymerization, the condensate may deposit on the reactor components which are accumulated in a thick layer. This is one kind of phenomenon of gel. These phenomena may make the color of emulsion fade away, delicate feeling disappear, affecting the quality of the product seriously. Stability of high solid content emulsion has two important areas which should be concentrated on to investigate further. On one hand, with an increase in stirring intensity and collision frequency, the emulsion stability which plays an important role in manufacturing products will be decreased. On the other hand, due to the solid content increased inside the emulsion, and the high emulsion viscosity, the emulsion stability in the heat transfer process impact much on the quality of emulsion products. Especially when the mixing intensity is too high, the material internal shearing action is too frequent; the stability of the emulsion polymerization is easy to destroy so finding some methods to keep its stability should be paid special attention to control the mixing intensity. In  pharmaceutics,  hairstyling,  personal hygiene, and  cosmetics, emulsions are frequently used. These are usually oil and water emulsions but dispersed, and which is continuous depends in many cases on the  pharmaceutical formulation. These emulsions may be called  creams,  ointments,  liniments  (balms),  pastes,  films, or  liquids, depending mostly on their oil-to-water ratios, other additives, and their intended  route of administration.[10][11]The first 5 are  topical  dosage forms, and may be used on the surface of the  skin,  transdermally,  ophthalmically,  rectally, or  vaginally. A highly liquid emulsion may also be used  orally, or may be  injected  in some cases.[10]Popular medications occurring in emulsion form include  calamine lotion,  cod liver oil,Polysporin,cortisolcream,Canesten, andFleet. Microemulsions are used to deliver  vaccinesand kill  microbes.[12]Typical emulsions used in these techniques are nanoemulsions of  soybean oil, with particles that are 400-600nm in diameter.[13]The process is not chemical, as with other types of  antimicrobial  treatments, but mechanical. The smaller the droplet the greater the  surface tension  and thus the greater the force required to merge with other  lipids. The oil is emulsified with detergents using a  high-shear mixer  to stabilize the emulsion so, when they encounter the lipids in the  cell membrane  or envelope of  bacteria  or  viruses, they force the lipids to merge with themselves. On a mass scale, in effect this disintegrates the membrane and kills the pathogen. The soybean oil emulsion does not harm normal human cells, or the cells of most other  higher organisms, with the exceptions of  sperm cells  and  blood cells, which are vulnerable to nanoemulsions due to the peculiarities of their membrane structures. For this reason, these nanoemulsions are not currently used  intravenously  (IV). The most effective application of this type of nanoemulsion is for the  disinfection  of  surfaces. Some types of nanoemulsions have been shown to effectively destroy  HIV-1  and  tuberculosis  pathogens on non-porous  surfaces. Objectives 3.3.1 In this experiment, the first objective is to find the relationship of drop size and stirring intensity. In most cases, an increase in stirring intensity will cause an decrease in the size of every droplet inside of the oil-in-water emulsion. In order to keep the stability of the system, a fixed concentration of surfactant (SLES) will be added in each experiment to keep a balance between the forces in both directions. Furthermore, the quantity of SLES used in every system should be kept the same. Besides, the time for this kind of experiments is not enough to carry out all, so only one type of the agitator will be investigated. Therefore, the parameters which can be changed are the speed of the agitator, the oil viscosity and different time intervals. The second objective is to link droplet size to the viscosity of oil. Different concentration and viscosity of oil may render the emulsion system unstable with respect to time, because different oil viscosity means different Reynolds number showing different flow regime that the emulsion is. And thus the other important properties of the emulsion should be affected by the mean viscosity of the oil phase and water phase. The third objective is to investigate the effect of concentration of aqueous phase have on the droplet size. At the same time, the mixing time can influence the size of the oil droplet and its distribution. So that is another meaningful point to investigate. Methodology Viscosity of the oil is: 10, 1000,12500and 30000 cSt. The agitator rotor can run from 10000 to 20000 RPMs for a rotor stator system. Resources requirements Laboratory Safety The author has attended an introduction about health and safety and will obey all rules in the lab. While working with lots of harmful chemicals, I have read the instruction of chemical use which provides some vital information in case of emergency. All the cutters using by stirring operations must be assessed before use. Lab coat, safety glasses and nitrile rubber gloves should be dressed in case of potential danger. I have been working safety in the lab for about half a year in my college and I claim that I have known what I should do for emergent situation and decrease the degree of danger to the least. Work plan Beneficiaries References