Heart Of Darkness And Modest Proposal Essays - Cultural Geography

Heart Of Darkness And Modest Proposal Colonization in the Theme of "A Modest Proposal" and "Heart of Darkness" Starting at the beginning of the seventeenth century, European countries began exploring and colonizing many different areas of the world. The last half of the nineteenth century saw the height of European colonial power around the globe. France, Belgium, Germany, and especially Great Britain, controlled over half the world. Along with this achievement came a notable sense of pride and confident belief that European civilization was the best on earth and that the natives of the lands Europeans controlled would only benefit from colonial influence. However, not everybody saw colonization as positive for all those involved. Some of the most notable writers of the time produced works criticizing the process of colonization. Two of the most significant works in this area are Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" and Jonathan Swift's "A Modest Proposal." Although these pieces of literature both criticize colonization, they have different themes. The theme of "A Modest Proposal" could be described as the negative effects of colonization on the colonized, while the central idea in "Heart of Darkness" is the negative effects of colonization on both the colonized and the colonizers. The differences in these themes are significant to the strategies used by the authors to explore the adverse effects of colonization. Swift makes great use of irony and imagery, to accentuate the plight of the Irish. Conrad comments on the frightening changes that people involved with colonization can go through by exploring character development and detailing a narrative of oppression. Swift uses irony in "A Modest Proposal" because it allows him to highlight the emotional detachment felt by the colonizing British towards the Irish. It is this emotional detached feeling that lead to the atrocities committed against the Irish citizens. The irony in "A Modest Proposal" is evident right in the title. There is certainly nothing "modest" about the "proposal" of eating the infants of impoverished Irish citizens. The irony accentuates how cruel and uncompassionate the powerful British Imperialists were, towards the destitute Irish population. The reader must realize that "Swift is operating independently of the narrator in a covert manner" (Phiddian 607). He develops the persona of the proposer to say exactly the opposite of what he feels. While the proposer suggests eating poor Irish children is particularly proper at "merry meetings, particularly weddings and christenings," this could not be further from the opinion of Swift. Nor does Swift actually believe that this plan will "increase the care and tenderness of mothers toward their children." (NA 1052) Moreover, the whole topic of cannibalism, is discussed with tongue in cheek and is meant to suggest that the British were devouring the Irish. Images of cruelty and evil put, forward by the narrator, weigh heavily in the theme of "A Modest Proposal." Throughout the pamphlet, the reader is bombarded with disturbing imagery of Irish people and their children being treated like livestock raised for consumption. The narrator refers to the parents of the children as "savages" (NA 1050) and "breeders" (NA 1051) and "dams" (NA 1048). Then he compares the children to "roasting pigs" (NA 1050) and continues as if he were writing a cook book. He speaks of how delicious he thinks these infants would be "whether stewed, roasted, baked or boiled" (NA 1049) or served in a "fricassee or a ragout" (NA 1049). He describes how the "carcasses" (NA 1050) of these babies could be nicely seasoned with "a little pepper or salt" (NA 1050) and "will be in season throughout the year" (NA 1050). Flaying the carcass and using the skin of these babies to make "admirable gloves for ladies, and summer boots for fine gentlemen" (NA 1050) is another suggestion he puts forward. He expands beyond just slaughtering the infants for food and leather products by suggesting the possibility of hunting the adolescents for sport. He dismisses this idea because he imagines the flesh of the adolescents would be too tough for eating and because hunting them would reduce the breeding stock. He also has concerns that "some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice (although indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering on cruelty" (NA 1051). All of the gruesome imagery used in "A Modest Proposal" has earned it the reputation of being one of Swift's most potent attacks in his "war on a class of civilized people who often behave like animals" (McMinn 149). Joseph Conrad details a narrative of oppression emphasizing the horrible treatment of African natives during the colonization of the Congo. The Europeans

Writer Choice Example

Writer Choice Example Writer Choice – Assignment Example Intelligence brief on Iraq Intelligence Brief on Iraq Iraq: U.S. Steps up Bombing Raids in Anbar after Shiite Militias WithdrawSummary: The latest attack by the Islamic terrorist group ISIL targeting the Iraqi police officers , soldiers and their family at Anbar provinces called for more involvement of the United States in supporting the Iraqi military and police. Management of the conflict between Sunnis and Shiite is vital for the defeat of ISILDevelopment: The American led coalition that focuses on defeating ISIL fighters in the Anbar province Shiite militiamen in the battlefront would prompt more of Sunnis to support the ISIL group. This would further complicate the fighting in the area. The extremist group is already strong enough to gain some ground so support for them need to be curtailed. The U.S ambassador Stuart E. Jones warned tribal leaders at the province that the United States would halt their support if the tribal issue was not resolved by pulling out the Shiite fighte rs. Though the ambassador’s spokesman denied the conditions, Iraqi officials believe it to be the reason why the U.S has increased its airstrikes right after the withdrawal of Shiite militiasAnalysis: The fighting in the province is complicated by the tribal rivalries. There is a need to approach the conflict in the manner the U.S did so as to stop strengthening the main enemy-ISIL. The Iraqi military as much support to defeat the Islamic extremist. The Iraqi military is already marred by corruption and mismanagement and thus the American support is necessary. The Sunnis sees the Shiite as a direct rival and so many attacks have been carried out between the two. Trying to find a common ground that does not escalate the fighting is needed. ISIL is more vulnerable without the support of the Sunnis. Nordland, R., and F. Hassan. "Log In - The New York Times." N.p., 12  Apr.  2015. Web. 13  Apr.  2015. . Writer Choice Example Writer Choice – Assignment Example Environmental Resources The environment is a key sector of Indiana economy. The sector that comprises of mining, forestry, agriculture and fishing among others employ the majority of the population. Export from the sector earns the country foreign revenue. On the same scale, tax on the commodities raises the fiscal value. Environmental related activities also enable the infrastructural development and facilitate trade (Bergh 522). However, environmental resources are scarce. The unsustainable exploitation of the resources depletes the reserves and increases human vulnerability. Illegal and uncontrolled logging has the potential to destroy the Indiana forests. The deforestation will in turn affect paper printing and other forest-related economic activities. Mostly, depletion of the forest will lead to joblessness in the associated industries. Thus, challenge of uncontrolled logging affects diverse sectors of the economy (Bergh 542). Likewise, Indiana petroleum, coal, and gas extractio n earns the nation immense income through export and internal use. The sectors also employ the majority of the population, mostly the youths. In the event, that the services diminish, Indiana economy shall experience a challenge of sustaining energy, and power demands. In addition, the country shall lose earning from the trade of the commodities. Environmental resources act as a pillar of Indiana’s economic structure. The degradation of the resources will facilitate scarcity of the same. Usually, poor quality, inaccessibility, and inadequate environmental resources such as water or land propagate conflicts. The conflicts destroy the already created economic structures and promote human suffering. In addition, no financial investment takes place in conflict areas. In conclusion, the environment is a key column of the economy. Thus, the citizens should conserve it for economic prosperity. Work CitedBergh, Jeroen. "Evolutionary Thinking In Environmental Economics." Journal Of Ev olutionary Economics 17.5 (2007): 521-549. Business Source Complete. Web. 1 Apr. 2015. Writer Choice Example Writer Choice – Essay Example Pakistan Video Reflection Within the Middle East, freedom of speech and media has been restricted over the years by the state mainly on religious grounds. The recent banning of Facebook use in Pakistan is another step by the government to restrict the pictures of Mohammed that were considered blasphemous. I have noted that religious issues are taken very seriously within the region. Currently, the court, citizens, and religious leaders are embroiled in deliberations that have deep significance to the country. I think that providing a strict stand against the blasphemous defacement of Prophet Muhammad was the right thing to do in the face of Facebook’s move to create and allow such a situation to spiral out of control (Khan 11). Furthermore, such radical policies by the government are bound to pass a clear message that religious matters are considered very serious within Pakistan. I envision a situation where the Pakistan’s stand against blasphemy shall be mirrored by ot her Muslim states experiencing similar problems. While most protestors may be right in protesting against the trivialization of their deity, going to extremes and destroying property illustrated the extent to which Muslims disapproved of Western lifestyles. Regardless of the advancement in development and civilization globally, imposing a Western culture on Pakistanis through online social media was in itself a violation of the American principle of democracy and liberty. Furthermore, by targeting Western affiliated organizations and enterprises, Pakistani citizens made it clear that Western lifestyles were not welcome within the region owing to their actions that trivialized the Muslim religion. Western countries should seek to reconsider their attitudes towards other religions and cultures apart from Christianity.Work CitedKhan, Habibullah. Facebook Banned in Pakistan. ABC News. 19 May 2010. Print. Writer Choice Example Writer Choice – Essay Example Barrier to Communication Communication is an important practice in almost every aspect of humanlife. Diverse and dynamic factors influence effective and efficient communication. In particular, language plays a central role as far as communication is concerned. Language that is sexist, racist, and homophobic in nature creates a critical barrier to communication (Sue 47).Sexist language is a discriminatory language that focuses on the sex factor within a given communication context. This language creates a barrier to communication through gender categorization and isolation. In other words, it categorizes gender into men and women, and subsequently isolates one or the other based on the chosen preference. The affected party in that communication context feels left out or unwanted. This could create individual-based tension that inhibits effective communication.Racist language is prejudicial in nature, an aspect that creates superiority complex problem. For example, language that sugges ts white dominance over people of color is prejudiced. With one race feeling superior to the other, communication becomes a challenge especially within a setting where the two races interact.Sexual orientation influences communication in diverse and dynamic ways. Homophobic language is prejudicial against homosexual persons. In the communication context, this language results in personal attitudes that hinder communication-based interactions and relations. For example, the interaction between straight and homosexual persons could limit information flow or hinder information sharing.In conclusion, language that exhibits sexist, racist, and homophobic aspects creates barrier to communication. Such language affects how people interact or relate within a given communication context. With limited interaction and relation, the extent to which communication is effective becomes hampered.Sue, Derald. Multicultural Social Work Practice. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2005. Print.

Who has more power, Executivce, Judicial or Legislative branch Term Paper

Who has more power, Executivce, Judicial or Legislative branch - Term Paper Example In addition, one organ of the government can intrude into the area that has been demarcated as that of the other organs. This is possible in instances that have been explicitly provided for or that are incidental to the powers conferred (Separation of Powers: Constitutional Plan and Practice). In practice, considerable strife persists between the daily functioning of these three organs of government. There is a continuous effort by every organ to prevail over the other organs, and the executive is most active in such endeavors. Executive power in its entirety is vested with the President by the Vesting Clause of Article II of the US Constitution (Separation of Powers: Constitutional Plan and Practice). This has generated considerable debate in the country. These three branches frequently function in a manner that shows considerable overlapping of powers. Consequently, it would be more appropriate to term them as intertwined organs. For instance, Congress has to approve of the appointment of prosecutors of the Executive and judges of the Judiciary. In addition, Congress can impeach these prosecutors and judges (leg11). Furthermore, the Executive branch on several occasions is actively involved in altering laws, which constitutes a legislative function. Moreover, the Judiciary sets precedents and interprets laws, which is akin to making laws, and this constitutes a legislative function. In addition, the Executive branch consists of a number of departments that make regulations and judge people who breach regulations. This indicates that the Executive, on occasion, takes upon itself the powers of the Legislature and the Judiciary (leg11). The separation of powers doctrine was formulated with the express intent that there should not be an excessive concentration of power with any single branch of government. This was to be ensured, with greater emphasis, in the context of the

Learning Strategies Rely Heavily on Employee Involvement Essay

Learning Strategies Rely Heavily on Employee Involvement - Essay Example The generally practiced HR policies of Equipos included regular training, communication, setting of lucid and consistent objectives, high wages, acknowledgment for accomplishments, team works, flat organization structure, in addition to a learning-oriented organizational culture. These factors motivated the employees to perform and adhere to the management practices, which enabled Equipos to develop into a learning organization. Contribution This study can be beneficial for comprehending how in spite of cultural differences between the parent company and the subsidiary, the organization can efficiently accomplish its business strategies with the help of its employees’ participation by motivating them. Keywords Motivation, Culture, Employee Participation, HR Practices, Management Practices. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion 12 References 13 Introduction The modern day organizations are striving hard to sustain their market position in the preva lent competitive business circumstances and gain a competitive advantage over their peers. In doing so, a large number of business organizations are shifting their orientation towards management approaches that encourage organizational learning. It had been observed that multinational corporations (MNCs) that are focused towards global learning have attained competitiveness and agility to handle the escalating intricacies of the global business environment (Bartlett & Ghoshal, 1989). However, when the MNCs employ learning approaches in their subsidiaries that are located in foreign lands, it is important for these MNCs to comprehend the issues that could impact the execution of various management practices that assist learning. Some of the major issues that could impact the execution of the management practices are difference in culture, and other environmental aspects such as socioeconomic, political, educational, and legal issues (Adler, 1997; Farmer & Richman, 1970; Negandhi & Pr asad, 1971). Hence, while spreading the learning practices to their subsidiaries, it is essential for the management of the MNCs to recognize the extent to which miscellaneous issues together with, but not restricted to the domestic cultural principles, have an effect on the transferability of diverse management practices. Managers should be aware of what issues might aid the accomplishment of learning strategies that initially seem to be contrary and mismatched with the culture of a nation. Gomez (2004:3) had stated that â€Å"Learning strategies rely heavily on employee involvement†. Gomez (2004) had stated so in his article, where he discussed the case of an American MNC and its Mexican subsidiary ‘Equipos’. Equipos had effectively taken up the attributes of a learning organization from its US based parent organization. This is in contrast to the widely perceived notion that the employee participation and other management practices that are related to a learni ng strategy are generally incompatible in the cross-cultural context. The paper essentially accentuates on how the employees were encouraged to involve themselves in the learning organisation atmosphere of Equipos. In the process of discussing the strategies employed by the management of Equipos, the paper also draws on the theories of motivation as well as cross-culture. Discussion It is

Graceland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Graceland - Essay Example him a jail sentence twice and even landing him on the death row; it was only with the help of the intervention of his friends that he was able to escape a politically motivated execution. He migrated to the UK where he earned his Master’s in Gender and Culture from Birkbeck College in London and later an MA in English and a PhD in literature and creative writing from the University of Southern California. Abani later went on to become professor for creative writing and the University of California. Chris Abani has been called as one of the so called third generation of Nigerian authors, the ‘children of the post colony’, he is a breed of writers whose works have become integral to the publishing world of today. In this novel Abani leverages his unique perspectives of African and Western cultures in the context of multiculturalism, globalization and neocolonialism. One of the key compelling factors of this novel is its multifaceted approach that challenges and questions western and particularly American cultural, economic and colonial intervention into a globalized Africa. There is a richness in the novel which stems from Abani’s own multicultural perspectives and wealth of experiences from both within and without the power structure that offer a nuanced and complex portrait of modern day globalized Africa. In this regard Graceland shares a niche with such novels as Helen Oyeyemi’s ‘The Icarus Girl’, Sefi Atta’s ‘Everything g ood will come’, Unoma Azuah’s ‘Sky High’ all of which integrate Western and Nigerian themes in their quest to project a unique perspective of nuanced Nigerian culture in the light of the triple themes of Neocolonialism, multiculturalism and globalization. The resulting product is singularly unique in its depiction of intercultural themes, of an ethno-cultural fusion that represents the new age of integrated globalized hybridity so characteristic of the modern literary era. The novel is set in a Nigeria parallel to

Alkylation Process For Production Of Motor Fuels Environmental Sciences Essay

Alkylation Process For Production Of Motor Fuels Environmental Sciences Essay Alkylation is a process for chemically combining isobutane with light olefinic hydrocarbons, typically C3 and C4 olefins, (e.g. propylene, butylene) in the presence of an acid catalyst, usually sulphuric acid or hydrofluoric acid. The product, alkylate (an isoparaffin) has a high-octane value and is blended into motor and aviation gasoline to improve the antiknock value of the fuel. The light olefins are most commonly available from the catalytic crackers. Alkylate is one of the best gasoline blending components because it is a clean burning, very low sulphur component, with no olefinic or aromatic compounds and with high octane and low vapour pressure characteristics. 1. Introduction 1.1 Alkylation Alkylation is a process for chemically combining isobutane with light olefinic hydrocarbons, typically C3 and C4 olefins, (e.g.propylene, butylene) in the presence of an acid catalyst, usually sulphuric acid (H2SO4) or hydrofluoric acid (HF). The product, alkylate (an isoparaffin) has a high-octane value and is blended into motor and aviation gasoline to improve the antiknock value of the fuel. The light olefins are most commonly available from the catalytic crackers. Alkylate is one of the best gasoline blending components because it is a clean burning, very low sulphur component, with no olefinic or aromatic compounds and with high octane and low vapour pressure characteristics [1]. 1.2 Advances in alkylation technologies The alkylation process will continue to be a favoured technology for producing clean fuels.MTBE(methyl-tert-butyl ethanol) phase out in the USA, implementation of the latest european specifications, enlargement of the EU and adoption of cleaner fuels specifications worldwide are major drivers for refiners requiring more, high octane, gasoline blending components that do not contain aromatics, benzene, olefins and sulphur. Also as the types of gasoline engine in use worldwide become more uniform, there will be a general decline in the markets for low octane gasoline requiring more components to be upgraded to high quality fuel. Table  1 shows the major technical and mechanical advances. Reactor design improvements are one of the most important developments. The early plants used a pump and time-tank reactor system which was designed to mix the reactants intimately with the catalyst and to remove the exothermic heat of reaction for temperature control [2] .It is required that for the desired reactions to continue with the removal of the unwanted reactions, good mixing of higher concentrations of dissolved isobutane in the acid phase is necessary. Since the early reactors were inadequate in this respect, new reactor designs evolved which improved the degree of acid-hydrocarbon contacting. The importance of good temperature control was also realized in the course of time as commercial experience was gained. Regulating the temperature of the reaction mixture in the suitable range was essential for good alkylation. Inadequate temperature control resulted in decreased alkylate yields and octanes and increased a cid consumption. Therefore, to avoid these penalties the new reactor designs included improved temperature control techniques as well as improved mixing. The two most commonly used reactor systems which grew out of the reactor development work for H2SO4 alkylation are the Stratford Engineering Companys Stratco contactor and the M. W. Kellogg Corporation Cascade reactor were bubbled up through liquid HF. There have been improvements in the preparation of feed and this has given rise to growth in alkylation technology [4, 5]. The ability to design better fractionators has made higher quality feedstocks available, and feed pretreatment facilities have been developed to remove water, mercaptans, sulfides, and diolefins effectively. Bauxite treating, hot water washing, and electrostatic precipitation are some of the significant developments which have improved product quality and reduced fouling and corrosion in downstream equipment. The sulfuric acid recovery process (SARP), developed to reduce the acid consumption in H2SO4 alkylation units was another contribution to alkylation technology. In this process the spent acid from an alkylation unit reacts with a portion of the olefin feed to form dialkylsulfates. The dialkylsulfates are extracted from the reaction mixture with isobutane, and the extract is charged to the alkylation unit. Table  I: Advances in alkylation technology [3] 1) Improved reactors A) better mixing B) better temperature control 2) Recognition and control of operating variables 3) Improved feed preparation 4) Improved product treatment 5) Sulfuric acid recovery process 6) Catalyst promoters 7) Mechanical and construction improvement 2. Types of alkylation processes The alkylation process can be divided into the sulfuric alkylation process and the hydrofluoric acid alkylation process, indirect alkylation by acidic resin, indirect alkylation by solid phosphoric acid and olefin hydrogenation. 2.1. The sulphuric acid process This process uses sulphuric acid as the catalyst and its feedstock are propylene, butylene, amylene, and fresh isobutane. Feedstocks are fed into the reactor which is divided into zones, each containing sulfuric acid, isobutane and olefins feed. The reactor product contains hydrocarbon and acid phases which are split in the settler; the hydrocarbon phase is washed with caustic and hot water for pH control and then depropanized, deisobutanized, and debutanized. The alkylate product so formed can then be used for motor fuel blending or for producing aviation grade blends. The isobutane goes back to the feed. Figure  1: Acid catalyzed isobutene dimerization to 2,  4,  4-trimethyl-1-pentene and 2,  4,  4 ­trimethyl ­2-pentene by the standard Whitmore-type carbocation mechanism [3]. 2.2 The hydrofluoric acid process This process employs hydrofluoric acid as the catalyst. The two types of hydrofluoric acid alkylation process commonly used are the Philips and UOP (a Honeywell company) processes. While Philips uses a reactor/settler combination system, UOP uses two reactors with separate settlers [2]. The major differences between sulfuric and hydrofluoric alkylations (HF) are temperature and acid consumption. Sulfuric alkylation requires refrigeration to maintain a low reactor temperature. The acid consumption rate for sulfuric alkylation is over a hundred times that of HF [8]. Figure  2: Aliphatic alkylation mechanism with hydrofluoric acid as catalyst: (a-b) initiation by addition of HF to the olefin and in the case of a sec.  butylcation, hydride  transfer from isobutane to produce a tert.  butyl cation, (c) olefin addition to the tert-butyl cation, and (d) hydride transfer form isobutane to yield alkylate and regenerate the tert-butylcation [3]. Table  II: Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Number (MON) of alkylates typically produced by HF alkylation of isobutane with various olefins [3]. Olefin feed RON RON + MON / 2 MON Propene 91 92 89.5 90.0 1-butene 94.4 91.6 2-butene 97.8 94.6 Isobutene 95.9 93.4 Pentenes 90 91 93.4 n-pentenes 82.5 Table  III: Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Number (MON) of alkylates produced by H2SO4 alkylation of isobutane with various olefins at 9-10  °C, 94-95 % H2SO4 concentration, and isobutane:olefin ratio of 7-9:1 [3] Olefin feed RON MON Propene 89.0 87.1 n-butene 97.8 93.9 Isobutene 93.2 90.3 n-pentene 91.0 88.0 Isopentene 91.2 88.8 2.3 Indirect alkylation by acidic resin This process employs the use of a polar solvent to limit the activity of the acid resin in order to improve the dimerization selectivity. High conversion of isobutene can be obtained at low temperature usually less than 100  °C [8, 9 12]. On an industrial scale, the recovery of the polar solvent (tertiary butyl alcohol) could serve to regulate the product distribution and also to reduce the amount of oligomer formed during production to less than 10 % [8]. The alkylate produced from this technology has a research octane number (RON) of 99  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  101 and motor octane number (MON) of 96  Ã‚  99. 2.4 Indirect alkylation by solid phosphoric acid The principle of indirect alkylation by solid phosphoric acid (SPA) is the same as by acidic resin catalysis; the difference being that dimerization over SPA follows an ester-based mechanism [13]. Heavy oligomer formation is mechanistically limited, [10] because the strength of the phosphoric acid ester bond decreases with increasing carbon number of the olefin. Indirect alkylation by SPA is carried out in two steps: selective dimerization of isobutene (from C4 streams) to form diisobutene; followed by hydrogenation to form the saturated product isooctane. Selectivity problems and catalyst deactivation hinder the isobutene dimerization reaction. Because this reaction decides the quality and properties of the alkylate formed, it is a crucial step in this process. The C4 stream, consisting mainly of isobutene, n-butane, isobutene, and n-butenes, is fed to the dimerization reactor, where isobutene is dimerized selectively in the presence of SPA catalyst. The reaction is exothermic, and heat must be removed to avoid temperature rises that can lead to the formation of undesired oligomers. These oligomers have relatively high molecular weights and boiling points and are not suitable as gasoline blends; they also rapidly deactivate the catalyst. Depending on the catalyst, an appropriate solvent may be needed to increase the selectivity toward the dimers. At higher operating temperatures the isobutene derived alkylate quality quickly deteriorates due to trimerization and cracking [11]. Propene forms a stronger ester bond with the phosphoric acid than the butenes, and it will become the dominant carbocation source [12]. The product stream from the reactor is fed to a distillation column, where dimerized and heavy products are separated from the unreacted C4 components and solvent. The dimer is then saturated in a separate reactor to form alkylates in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst. In order to obtain alkylate quality hydrogenated products from an n-butene rich, isobutene lean feed, the reaction temperature should be less than 160  °C and the feed should not contain more than 5 % propene or 10 % pentenes. 3. Flow diagrams of direct and indirect alkylation process Figure  3: Block flow diagrams of the direct alkylation (HF and H2SO4 catalysed alkylation) configurations evaluated [3]. Flow diagram  1: This is the base case for direct alkylation, using a straight run Iron-Based High Temperature Fischer-Tropsch (Fe-HTFT) C4 feed. There is little isobutane in the straight run feed, which constrains the alkylate yield. Flow diagram  2: In order to overcome the constraint imposed by the low straight run isobutane content of C4 feed, a hydroisomerization unit is included in this two-step flow diagram to convert the straight run n-butane to isobutane. The hydroisomerization unit has an internal recycle, with an overall high isobutane yield. Although the alkylate yield may have been considerably improved compared to the base case, most of the C4 olefins have not been converted. Flow diagram  3: The ratio of paraffins to olefins necessary for direct alkylation can be balanced by hydrogenating some of the C4 olefins to C4 paraffins in order to increase the alkylate yield. Flow diagram  4: The alkylate yield may be further increased by using propene as the alkylating olefin. Propene is more abundant than the C4 hydrocarbons in straight run HTFT feed, which implies that all the hydrocarbons can be hydrogenated and hydroisomerized to isobutane for alkylation with propene. In this case an alkylate yield above 100 % based on the C4 feed can be obtained, but at lower octane number than with C4 material only. Figure  4: Block flow diagrams of the indirect alkylation (acidic resin and solid phosphoric acid dimerization) configurations evaluated [3]. Flow diagram  5: It consists of acid catalyzed dimerization followed by hydrogenation. The direct conversion of isobutene in straight run HTFT syncrude with an acidic catalyst has a low alkylate yield (8 %), since only 8 % of the C4 olefins are isobutene. However, this alkylate has an octane number of almost 100. Flow diagram  6: By use of skeletal isomerization, the alkylate quality and yield of n-butenes to isobutene can be improved. The n-butene conversion in the case of acidic resin dimerization is very low, and it is best to isomerize all n-butenes to isobutene. This results in an alkylate yield of 81 %. 4 Product yield and quality In a fuels refinery there is an incentive to convert normally gaseous products into liquid transportation fuels. The quantity and the quality of the liquid fuel being produced are both important, and in terms of alkylate production, the quality is related to the octane number (ON) (1/2) RON + (1/2) MON) of the motor-gasoline. The investment economics is refinery dependent, with octane constrained refineries putting a premium on quality, while refineries with an unsaturated market putting a premium on volume. Table  IV: Alkylate yield and alkylate octane number calculated for the indirect alkylation flowschemes shown in figure  4 [3] s/n Dir.alkyl.fowscheme Alkyl.tech Alkyl.yld(m%C4) Oct.no.(1/2)RON+(1/2)MON 1 Base  case  straight  run HTFT HF H2SO4 2 2 94 96 2 Case  1  +  C4 hydroisomerisation HF H2SO4 21 20 94 96 3 Case  2  +  butane hydrogenation HF H2SO4 102 101 94 96 4 Case  3  +  propene alkylation HF H2SO4 197 189 91 88 The alkylate yield is based on the mass of alkylate produced per mass of total straight run high temperature Fisher Tropsch  C4 cut material. Table  V: Alkylate yield and alkylate octane number calculated for the indirect alkylation flowschemes shown in figure  3 [3] s/n Indir.  Alkyl.  flowscheme Dim.  tech Alkyl.  yld  (m%C4) Oct.no(RON+MON)/2 5 Base case straight run HTFT Acidic  resin SPA 8 72(90)b 99 87 6 Base case + skeletal isomerisation Acidic  resin SPA 81 85 99 99 The alkylate yield is based on the mass of alkylate produced per mass of total straight run high temperature Fischer-Tropsch  C4 cut material.b yield including coproduced kerosen 5 Environmental aspects The environmental burdens due to the treatment of free hydrofluoric acid (HF) losses from an alkylation unit cannot be overlooked. The reality is that hydrofluoric acid losses from the unit do occur through side-reactions, forming organic fluorides, which become entrained in product streams, and through direct entrainment of free HF in a heavy hydrocarbon waste stream [6, 7]. The environmental aspects associated with the liquid phase direct alkylation processes led to the development of solid acid direct alkylation. From an environmental stand point, indirect alkylation is preferred to direct alkylation and that flowscheme  5 (figure  4) is the most environmentally friendly [3]. 6 Conclusion It was found that the choice of technology depended on the different refining priorities, namely, the following: (a) Least complexity, (b) Highest alkylate yield 7 Literature [1] Encyclopedia of Earth Home page. http://www.eoearth.org/ article/alkylation_in_petroleum_refining (accessed Aug.30, 2010) [2] Albright, L.F.; Comparison of Alkylation Processes: Chem.Eng., 209, Oct.  10, 1996. [3] Wang, Y.; Subramaniam, B., 6874 ,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res., Vol.47,number  10, 2008. [4] Albright, L.F.;  ´Alkylation Processes Using Sulfuric Acid As Catalyst ´, Ibid, 143, Aug.  15, 1997. [5] De Klerk, A.;  ´Isomerisation of 1-butene to isobutene at low temperature, Ind.Eng.Chem.Res., 43, 6325, 2004. [6] Occupational Safety and Health Administration Homepage. http://www.osha.gov/ dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html (accessed Aug.31, 2010). [7] Warren, R.T.;  ´Alkylation and Isomerisation ´, oil and gas journal, vol 97, Issue  4, Jan.26, 1999. [8] UOP  Home  page. http://www.uop.com/objects/NPRASpr2003HFAlkyd.pdf / Article/advances in hydrofluoric (HF) acid catalyzed alkylation (accessed Sept.  14, 2010). [9] Kamath, R. S.; Qi, Z.; Sundmacher, K.; Aghalayam, P.; Mahajani,S. M.,  ´Process analysis for dimerization of isobutene by reactive distillation ´, Ind.Eng.Chem.Res. 45, 1575, 2006. [10] De Klerk, A.  ´Reactivity differences of octenes over solid phosphoric acid ´, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45, 578, 2006. [11] De Klerk, A.; Engelbrecht, D.J.; Boikanyo, H.  ´Oligomerization of Fischer-Tropsch olefins: effect of feed and operating conditions on hydrogenated motor-gasoline quality ´, Ind. Eng.Chem. Res. 43, 7449, 2004. [12] De Klerk, A.  ´Distillate production by oligomerization of Fischer-Tropsch olefins over solid phosphoric acid ´, Energy Fuels, 20, 439, 2006. De Klerk, A.;  ´Isomerisation of 1-butene to isobutene at low temperature ´, Ind.Eng.Chem.Res., 43, 6325, 2004. [13] Nelson, W.L., McGraw-Hill,New, petroleum refinery engineering third edition, p  660, 2003.

Abner and Sarty Snopes in Barn Burning :: Barn Burning Essays

Abner and Sarty Snopes The nature of the relationship between father and son in William Faulkner's Barn Burning is displayed in the first paragraph of the story. In general a father-son relationship would be built on genuine respect, love, loyalty, and admiration. These building blocks were absent in Abner and Sarty Snopes relationship. Sarty's loyalty to his father appeared to come from a long time fear of the consequences of not obeying his father's commands. The "nigger" that could place the blame on Abner was not to be found. Was Faulkner inferring by this statement that the individual had been killed? If Abner had so little moral value to destroy a man's property, surely to protect himself from persecution he could destroy a man's life. Sarty knew he "smelled cheese, and more." He smelled the "fierce pull of blood." His father's blood, the blood of the family name, Snopes. Sarty knew he was also the son of the "barn burner." A name he heard hissing as they passed by boys in town. Sarty fought to defend his father and when hurt, he seemed to need the blood to remain for a while as a reminder of why he stayed with the man. Sarty viewed his father at times as "bloodless" and cut from "tin." Sarty could usually convince himself why his father was this way. The fact that he had to be a horse trader for four years hiding from the blue and the gray armies to exist by stealing or "capturing" as he called it, horses. Was Sarty to become a man like his father? It seems to be the fear that Sarty may have worried about many times. Young boys usually acquire the desire at sometime in their life to simulate their fathers'actions, perspectives on life and mannerisms. Fathers are examples to how they would like their sons to be. Abner probably thought it was the only way to be. Abner's past was not Sarty's, his future was not to be Sarty's either. For their views on life and the people in it were quite different. Abner Snopes looked at the mansion of Major de Spain as a symbol of inequality. A fact that he had too much and Abner had so little . Sarty looked at the vast mansion as a picturesque scene of "the grove of oaks and cedars and flowering trees and shrubs" almost as if it was a rerun of something he had was coming to him.